abroad. The Croatians, Germans, Magyars, Poles, and Servians show none who were without occupation.

The Slovaks show the largest proportion, 53.2 per cent of farm laborers, working for wages in marked contrast with the 3.6 per cent reported by the Germans. Other races range from 50 per cent, as shown by the Poles, to 9.2 per cent, as shown by the Roumanians. Of the races reporting laborers other than farm, the Irish show the largest proportion, 42.9 per cent. Only two races report persons formerly employed in the iron and steel industry-2.6 per cent in the case of the Croatians and 1 per cent in the case of the Roumanians. The Germans were more largely engaged in the hand trades than were other races, their 21.4 per cent being followed by the 12.2 per cent of the Servians. The Ruthenians had none of their number in hand trades, and the Magyars had but 2.9 per cent.

All the males reported as working without wages were farm laborers, the proportions ranging from 42.9 per cent of the Roumanians to 4.8 per cent of the Irish. Of those working for profit nearly all were farmers. The Irish report none of their number to have been working for profit.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In addition to the foregoing information, returns as to occupation before coming to the United States were secured from large numbers of the individual employees. These returns are here presented, by general nativity and race of employee:

TABLE 353.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the grand total of 4,871 male employees reporting complete data for this table a large proportion, 71.6 per cent, were farmers or farm laborers before coming to the United States, and 9.1 per cent were doing general labor. Only 5.6 per cent, or 1 in 18, show previous

experience in the manufacture of iron and steel and its products. Six per cent were in hand trades, 1.7 per cent were in manufacturing other than iron and steel, 1 per cent were in trade, and 4.9 per cent were in occupations not specified.

Every race except the English shows a large proportion of farmers or farm laborers. The majority of the English were engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel and its products. The Irish rank second in the iron and steel industry, though far behind the English. The Servians show no persons so engaged, and the Croatians and North Italians had less than 2 per cent each. Of those who were engaged in general labor the North Italians show the largest proportion, 21 per cent; the Servians and South Italians follow with 15.1 and 15 per cent, respectively, and the Germans, with 1 per cent, had the smallest proportion of laborers. All races had very small percentages engaged in other manufacturing or in trade. Of those formerly in hand trades the Germans lead with 21.3 per cent. The South Italians rank second, with 10.5, while the other races report small proportions, the Irish showing only 1.8 per cent. Of those engaged in occupations not specified the English report the high proportion of 25.6 per cent, the North Italians follow with 10.1 per cent, while the other percentages range from 8.9 for the Irish to 1.9 for the Croatians and Slovenians.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The industrial condition and occupation abroad of the iron and steel workers of this community having been pointed out, their industrial condition and occupation in this country may be considered. The general occupation of all females 16 years of age or over, in the households studied, is shown in the following table, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 354.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The preceding table shows that 93.4 per cent of the total number of adult females considered are at home; 1.3 per cent are in domestic service, 0.6 per cent in trade, 4.3 per cent otherwise employed, and 0.4 per cent at school.

The foreign-born show much the greater proportion of women at home, their 97.2 per cent being followed by 81 per cent of the nativeborn of native father and 65.7 per cent of the native-born of foreign father. The native-born of native father report a greater proportion at school than do the other groups, and the native-born of foreign father have by far the greater proportion employed.

Among the foreign-born the Croatians, North Italians, and Slovaks show 100 per cent at home. The Magyars follow, with 98.4 per cent at home and the remaining proportion at school, this being the only instance of foreign-born adult females at school. The Irish are the only race whose percentage of females at home is less than the general average for all persons reporting. These people, both native and foreign born, have, on the other hand, greater proportions than any other race in domestic service and other employment. The Irish born in this country report 41.7 per cent employed otherwise than as domestics or in trade. The Ruthenians alone among the foreignborn are represented in trade. Their percentage is, however, less than that of the persons native-born of native father.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table gives the results of the household study as regards the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 355.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)

The foregoing table shows that of 650 males for whom information was secured in the household study, 83.8 per cent are in the iron and steel industry, 8.9 per cent are otherwise employed, 1.2 per cent are at school, and the remaining 6 per cent are at home.

The foreign-born report 86 per cent of their number in the iron. and steel works; their proportions in the other groups are below the average, the percentage at school indicating that only 1 male 16 years of age or over is so reported. The native whites born of native father, numbering less than 1 to 10 of the foreign-born, follow with 70.9 per cent in the iron and steel industry, and 7.3 per cent at school. Persons native-born of foreign father report only 65.5 per cent in the iron and steel industry, and 10.3 per cent at school.

Of the foreign-born the Slovaks only have a percentage attending school, but all the races except the Germans and Irish have certain of their adult males unemployed at home. These proportions vary from 15.2 per cent of the Servians and 11.3 per cent of the Slovaks to 2.6 per cent of the North Italians and 2.5 per cent of the Croatians. Of the foreign-born males who are employed, all the Irish, Poles, and Ruthenians are in the iron and steel works, the proportions being 100 per cent in the case of the Irish, 96.7 per cent in the case of the Poles, and 94.4 per cent in that of the Ruthenians. The Germans, reporting no males at home or at school, have 96.4 per cent of their number in the iron and steel industry and 3.6 per cent otherwise employed. The native-born of Irish father report only 70.8 per cent in the iron and steel industry, a larger proportion than of any other race group being otherwise employed. Of the 24 members of this race reporting in the table, 8.3 per cent are at home and 4.2 per cent are at school.

WEEKLY EARNINGS.

The individual study of the large numbers of employees in the iron and steel industry made inquiry as to the weekly wages received. The following table gives the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race:

TABLE 356.-Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

According to this table the greater proportion of all male employees 18 years of age or over earn at least $10 a week, and a majority of the native-born, whether of native or foreign father, earn at least $15 a week. There is decided variation in the earnings per week of the several races. The foreign-born English and Welsh have higher average earnings per week than the native-born. The Welsh show a larger proportion than any other race in each wage group above the $17.50 rate. The Roumanians have, on the whole, the lowest level of earnings, only 3.3 per cent of their number receiving $15 a week or more, and only 12.1 per cent receiving as much as $12.50.