RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME. The racial classification of employees for whom information was secured is shown by the following table: TABLE 348.-Male employees for whom information was secured by general nativity and race. This table shows that 5,660, or 70.8 per cent, of the employees reporting are of foreign birth. The 29.2 per cent of native-born persons are almost equally divided between the second and third generations, 14.1 per cent being of foreign father, while 14.8 per cent are white of native father, and 0.3 per cent are negro of native father. The largest racial group is that of the American whites, with 1,183 reporting. The largest groups of foreign born are the 957 Croatians, 883 Slovaks, 712 Magyars, and 620 Roumanians, these four races constituting 56 per cent of the foreign-born employees. The other foreign born range in numbers from the 485 Poles and 394 Germans to the several races represented by but 1 or 2 persons each. European races the older immigration, from the British Isles and northern Europe, comprises approximately 1,000 persons, and the recent immigration, from southern and eastern Europe, approximately 4,500 persons. 48296°-VOL 8-11- -33 CHAPTER III. ECONOMIC STATUS. Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied-Weekly earningsRelation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied-Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied--Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgersSources of family income---Relative importance of different sources of family income [Text Tables 349 to 369 and General Tables 169 to 181]. INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED. For an intelligent study of the present condition of the immigrant laborer in the industry under discussion some knowledge of his economic status before coming to the United States is necessary. The following tables show the industrial condition abroad, and the occupation of such as were employees, of large numbers of the foreignborn covered by both the household and individual study. The first tables show, by race of individual, the industrial condition and occupation Lefore coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival: TABLE 349.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Race of individual. TABLE 350.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] The first table discloses the industrial condition abroad of 332 females. of whom 51.5 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States. Twenty-five and three-tenths per cent were working without wages, as compared with 20.8 per cent who were working for wages and 2.4 per cent who were working for profit. Of the several races studied the North Italians show the largest and the Slovaks the smallest proportion who were without occupation before coming to the United States, the unemployed of other races ranging from 70.8 per cent of the Croatians to 26.1 per cent of the Poles. Conversely, the Slovaks exhibit the largest and the North Italians the smallest proportion who were working for wages abroad. The North Italians also show the smallest proportion working without wages, the largest figure in this classification being the 55.3 per cent of the Roumanians. Only three races, the Magyar, German, and Roumanian, with proportions in the order named, report a part of their number working for profit. The second table deals with the same total and is intended merely to show the various occupations followed by those who were working for and without wages and for profit before coming to the United States. Of the women working for wages the largest proportion were farm laborers, followed by those who were in domestic service, practically none having been employed either as factory operatives or in hand trades. The total proportion working without wages were farm laborers, and the Germans were the only race working for profit engaged in occupations other than farming. It will be seen that of those who were farm laborers working for wages the Slovaks have the highest percentage. With the exception of the Germans and North Italians, each of which shows that the entire proportion of their number who were working for wages had been in domestic service, the Roumanians report the smallest proportion who were farm laborers working for wages. The tables following show the industrial condition and the occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival, by race of individual. t Farmers. In other oc- Total TABLE 351.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] TABLE 352.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] 0.0 .0 3.6 16.7 0.0 2.6 10.3 3.8 33.3 15.4 0.0 15.4 51.3 0.0 51.3 .0 21.4 7.1 32. 1 32. 1 .0 32.1 32.1 3.6 35.7 1.5 27.5 3.7 .8 7.3 4.6 43.8 22.1 .0 22.1 30.8 1.7 32.5 From the foregoing tables it will be seen that of a total of 520 foreign-born males only 1.5 per cent were without occupation abroad, while 43.8 per cent were working for wages, 22.1 per cent were working without wages, and 32.5 per cent were working for profit. Of those working for wages, the largest proportion were farm laborers, while the smallest were in the iron and steel industry. The entire number of those working without wages were farm laborers, the proportions ranging from 42.9 per cent of the Roumanians to 4.8 per cent of the Irish. Thirty and eight-tenths per cent were farming for profit. Comparing the various races, it is seen that the Irish show the largest proportion, or 19 per cent, who were without occupation |