males reporting are largely in excess of the females. A comparison of the Poles and Servians, each reporting 66 persons, shows 34 males and 32 females for the Poles, and 47 males and 19 females for the Servians.

Of the 476 native-born of foreign father, the Irish, with 95 persons, are represented in the largest numbers, the Magyars ranking next with 72 persons. Only 1 Scotch and 1 English employee are here reported, the next smallest group being the 9 Germans. Most of the races report more females than males, the 47 Ruthenians showing but 16 males in contrast with 31 females. The Croatians, North Italians, and Magyars are the exceptions to this rule.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The following table shows the general nativity and race of the 7,995 male employees of the iron and steel industry for whom information was secured:

TABLE 344.-Male employees for whom information was secured by general nativity and

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration to the community-Present population of the communityPeriod of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time-[Text Tables 345 to 348 and General Tables 167 and 168].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY.

The movement of the immigrant population to the community has corresponded to the recurring periods of expansion of the iron and steel industry within its borders. The early settlers were from Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Maryland. The first immigrants were the English, Scotch, and Welsh, followed by the Germans, who in turn were followed by the Irish. Because of the familiarity of the English, Scotch, and Welsh with the iron and steel industry they were attracted to the locality by the openings for skilled workmen. The Germans, and more extensively the Irish, sought positions as common or unskilled laborers in the local furnaces and steel plants. The immigration of these races dates practically from the establishment of the community and continued without admixture of any other races until about eighteen years ago. At that time representatives of races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe began to make their appearance. Small numbers of the Italians, Slovaks, and Magyars were the first to secure employment in the steel mills. They were followed by the Poles, who were present in considerable numbers by the year 1898. The Croatian population had its beginning in 1900, and shortly afterwards the Swedes arrived. The Roumanians have been in the community for five years, while the Bulgarians, Russians, Servians, Syrians, Greeks, Armenians, and Bohemians, together with scattered members of other races, have arrived within the past two years.

No statistics as to race of persons in Community B are available, but the returns of the censuses of 1890 and 1900, showing the country of birth of the foreign-born residents of the locality, throw a valuable light upon the racial movements to the city and bear out during the period 1890 to 1900 the history of immigration outlined above. As can be readily seen from the table following, there was a decrease in the English, Welsh, Irish, and German immigration between 1890 and 1900 and the increase in persons of foreign birth was derived principally from migration from Italy, Poland, and Hungary.

497

TABLE 345.-Population of Community B, by country of birth, 1890 and 1900. [Compiled rom the censuses of 1890 and 1900. All nationalities with less than 10 persons reported are reported shown in "Other countries," "Asia (not specified)," and "Europe (not specified)."]

The present population of the community, according to careful estimates, is exhibited below. The number given for each race includes both native-born of foreign father and foreign-born:

The estimate is based upon normal conditions. It is estimated that during the industrial depression of 1907 and 1908 about 5,500 wage-earners left the community because of the curtailment of work. Racially the number which emigrated was estimated to be as follows: Estimated number who left during the depression.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households also affords light upon the racial movements to the community. The period of residence in this country and in the community may not be the same, but as a rule they approximate each other. In the following table the percentage of foreign-born male iron and steel workers who had been in the United States each specified number of years is shown by race:

TABLE 346.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of a total of 5,602 persons reporting in the foregoing table, 55.1 per cent have been in the United States under five years, while less than 5 per cent have been here from fifteen to nineteen years. A little less than 25 per cent have been in this country from five to nine years, while 11.4 per cent have been in this country for twenty years or over. Less than 10 per cent of the Bulgarians and Roumanians have been in the United States over five years, while only 2 per cent of the Welsh have been here under five years, and only 3.3 per cent of the Irish. The Croatians, Magyars, Russians, and Servians are among the races that report large numbers in immigration of less than five years. In the five to nine year period of residence the Slovenians show the largest proportion and the Welsh the smallest. The North and South Italians, the Poles, the Slovaks, and Slovenians each report over 30 per cent in this period of residence. None of the Bulgarians or Servians studied have been in this country over ten years, while the North and South Italians and Slovaks are the only races showing more than 10 per cent who came ten to fourteen years ago. Of those who have been in this country for twenty

or more years, the Welsh, with 86.7 per cent, show the highest proportion, followed by the Irish, English, Scotch, Germans, and Swedes. The following table shows by race of individual the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 347.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

The

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

From the preceding table, containing data concerning 1,073 foreign-born persons in the households studied in the community, it will be seen that the majority, or 59.5 per cent, have been in the United States under five years, 83.4 per cent have been in the United States under ten years, and 95.5 per cent have been in the United States under twenty years. The Roumanians report the highest percentage of their numbers as having been in the United States under five and under ten years and the Irish the lowest, all of the Roumanians having been in the United States less than ten years. Of the persons who have been in the United States under twenty years, the Roumanians, together with Servians and Poles, report 100 per cent, or their entire number, and the Irish show only 62.5 per cent, or the lowest percentage reported.