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COMMUNITY B.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Industrial significance of the community-Households studied-Members of households for whom detailed information was secured-Employees for whom information was secured-[Text Tables 340 to 344 and General Tables 164 to 166].

INDUSTRIAL. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMMUNITY.

Community B, with an estimated population of seventy to seventyfive thousand people, is located in the eastern part of Ohio, on the bank of a tributary of the Ohio River. The valley in which it is situated ranks next to the Pittsburg district proper in the production of iron and steel. The community is one of the oldest cities in the State of Ohio and was among the first to engage in the iron industry, a charcoal furnace having been built upon the site of the present locality in 1835. Transportation facilities are furnished by five railroads, two of which are trunk lines extending east and west and the other three connecting the community with the Great Lakes and the eastern cities.

The industries of the community are many and varied, but all of the important ones are closely related to each other by reason of the fact that all of their products trace their origin to iron ore. There are more than 10 companies within the locality which employ between 150 and 700 men each and which are engaged in the production of iron and steel products of different kinds. There are 3 steel companies, employing about 5,000 men each, which are the basic industries of the locality and upon which the life of the community primarily depends. These 3 companies may be briefly described as follows:

Company No. 1. This company operates in the community proper and adjacent territory 11 blast furnaces, with a total annual capacity of 1,405,000 tons. It also has rolling mills and steel works capable of producing annually 120,000 tons of merchant bars, 725,000 tons of ingots, and 600,000 tons of rails, or 900,000 tons of billets and sheet and tin-plate bars. Its operating force within the community is usually about 5,000 men.

Company No. 2. This company is of equal importance with No. 1 and also employs about 5,000 men in its blast furnaces, rolling mills, and steel plant. It has 4 blast furnaces, with an annual capacity of 490,000 tons, and its steel plant and rolling mills are capable of turning out annually 500,000 tons of ingots, 450,000 tons of billets, 600,000 tons of rails or tin-plate bars, 110,000 tons of merchant bar and plate iron, 225,000 tons of rolled steel and iron products, 8,000 tons of spikes, and 800 tons of washers.

Company No. 3. This company also employs about 4,500 to 5,000 men, but is more limited in its products than the other two combinations. It has 3 blast furnaces, with an annual capacity of 450,000 tons, and steel works and rolling mills, with an output of 1,693,500 tons of slabs, billets, plates, corrugated roofing, and similar products.

HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

In Community B the investigation involved a detailed study of 421 households, comprising 3,598 persons, and of 7,995 male employees of the iron and steel industry. The series of tables here presented is designed to show the racial classification of employees and members of their households. The first table shows the households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 340.-Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The preceding table shows that 90 per cent of the households studied in this locality report the heads as foreign-born. Households in which the heads are native-born of native father constitute a larger proportion of the total number than do those in which the heads are native-born of foreign father. Among the foreign households the Croatians, Magyars, and Roumanians combined constitute 41.1 per cent of the total. Of the other foreign households, those in which the heads are Slovaks constitute the largest proportion, or 8.6 per cent, and those in which the heads are South Italians constitute the smallest proportion, or 3.3 per cent. Of all households studied, those in which the heads are native-born of Irish father are the fewest in number.

The table next presented shows the persons in households studied and the persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

TABLE 341.-Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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This table shows that in the 421 households there were 3,598 persons, and that from 1,727 persons, detailed information was secured. Of all the persons reporting, 94.3 per cent are in foreign households, 1.6 per cent are in households whose heads are native-born of foreign father, while in 4.1 per cent the heads are native-born of native father. No negroes are reported in the household study of this community. Of those for whom detailed information was secured, 88.4 per cent are in foreign households, 3.4 per cent native-born of foreign father, and 8.2 per cent native-born of native father. Comparing the different households whose heads are foreign-born, it is seen that Roumanian households comprise a larger number of persons than any other, while the smallest group studied is in households whose heads are South Italians. Among the persons for whom detailed information was secured the largest group studied is in Magyar households, closely followed by households whose heads are Croatians or Roumanians. The smallest groups are in households

whose heads are Germans.

The following table shows the sex of the 1,727 persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 342.-Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

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The preceding table shows that 54.5 per cent of the total number of individuals for whom detailed information was secured are males and 45.5 per cent are females. The proportions of males and females are more nearly equal among the groups native-born of native father than among those who were native-born of foreign father. The latter, in turn, have a more equal sex distribution than have the foreignborn households. The Irish is the only race with a greater number of females than of males reporting information. Among the foreign households the most equal proportions of males and females are found among the Poles, the difference being 1.2 per cent in favor of the males. The most unequal proportions of the sexes are in the Servian households, with 62.8 per cent males.

MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The table next presented shows persons in the households studied for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 343.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

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A tabulation by general nativity and race of individual instead of head of household discloses a different racial composition for the 1,727 persons furnishing detailed information. This table shows only 62.2 per cent to be actually foreign-born, 27.6 per cent being native-born of foreign father, and 10.2 per cent native-born of native

father.

Of the 1,075 foreign-born reporting, large proportions are shown for the Roumanians, with 174 persons, the Croatians with 155, and the Magyars with 153. The smallest racial groups are the 1 Hebrew, the 2 English, Russian, and Welsh, and the 4 Bulgarian. The North and South Italians and the Poles report almost as many females as males, but with the Servians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, and Croatians the

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