Race of individual.

TABLE 27.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Slovak..

91

1.1

35.2

.0 .0

.0

9.9

45. 1

28.6

.0

200

.8 18.9 3.9 2.0 5.9 17.3 2.7 20.0 6.7 .0 6.7 47.9 9.2 57.1 30.8 1.9 32.7 3.8 .0 3.8 15.0 .0 15.0 21.3 8.8 30.0 1.7 11.2 26.6 3.7 30.3 .0 20.4 24.4 2.0 26.3 28.4 7.7 .8 8.5 41.2 35.3 2.0

18.1

41.8 12.1

53.8

37.3

28.6

24.2

1.1

25.3

36.3 3.5 .0 8.6 21.5 69.9 18.0 .4 .0 8.2 .0 .0 8.2 4.1 20.4 57.1 .0 57.1 20.4 2.0 22.4 12.6 11.0 48.5 21.7 .5 22.3 24.3 3.0 27.3

040

55.4

12.8

3.1

15.9

18.4 9.0 1.2 10.2

Of the total number of individuals, 48.5 per cent had worked abroad for wages; 27.3 per cent had worked for profit; and 22.3 per cent had worked without wages. Only 1.9 per cent were without occupation abroad.

There is a considerable variation in the industrial condition of the specified races before coming to the United States. Of the Scotch 96.7 per cent and of the French 92.2 per cent had worked for wages. With a few exceptions, a larger proportion of the remaining races were working for wages than in any other industrial condition. The Slovenians, Servians, Croatians, and Roumanians, however, had a greater proportion working without wages than were reported in any other industrial condition. Of the Greeks 57.1 per cent, of the Macedonians 53.8 per cent, and of the Bulgarians 48.1 per cent had worked for profit. The Irish had a much larger proportion without occupation abroad than any other race.

The largest proportion, or 21.3 per cent, of the total number of individuals reporting who worked for wages were farm laborers abroad. Relatively large proportions of this class were also in the hand trades and in other occupations. This occupation was relatively most commonly followed by the Slovaks and Ruthenians. The Irish show a greater proportion who were laborers abroad than in any other occupation. The iron and steel industry was not a general occupation with any race. The largest proportions in that industry were 7.8 per cent of the French, 6.7 per cent of the Scotch, and 5.8 per cent of the Irish, thus indicating that the members of the various races had little experience and training abroad for the work in which they are engaged in

this country. The Poles, Germans, and Bulgarians show relatively large proportions in the hand trades. Of the French 78.4 per cent and of the Scotch 76.7 per cent were in occupations other than those specified in the table.

Of the total number of male employees reporting, 57.1 per cent of the Slovenians and 55.4 per cent of the Servians were farm laborers working without wages. Twenty-four and three-tenths per cent were farmers working for profit. The largest proportions who worked for profit in other occupations were 12.1 per cent of the Macedonians, 9.2 per cent of the Greeks, and 8.8 per cent of the North Italians.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

The table next submitted shows the percentage of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States. The presentation is by race. The The accompanying chart shows more graphically the proportions engaged in iron and steel manufacture as contrasted with the proportions farming or doing farm labor.

TABLE 28.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the total number of foreign-born iron and steel workers, 64.4 per cent were engaged in farming or were farm laborers before coming to the United States. Only a relatively small proportion of the total were engaged in each other specified occupation. Moreover, the greater number of the specified races show that the largest proportion of each were farmers or farm laborers abroad, the proportion reaching as high as 86 per cent of the Croatians.

Although only 8.6 per cent of the total had been occupied in the manufacture of iron and steel, the proportions of several races who had been so occupied are relatively large. For example, 72 per cent of the Welsh had been in the iron and steel industry abroad and slightly less than 50 per cent of the English and Scotch. Of the employees of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe, the Bohemians and Moravians alone show any considerable proportion who had been iron and steel workers abroad.

The following table sets forth the percentage of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States and who were employed abroad in the iron and steel industry. The exhibit is by locality and race of individual:

TABLE 29.-Per cent of foreign-born males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, who were employed abroad in the iron and steel manufacturing industry, by locality and by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

From the above table it may be seen that, as already stated, only 1.1 per cent of the total number of foreign-born males, 16 years of age or over, were employed abroad in work of a nature similar to that in which they are now employed. Of the different localities, Community D in the East shows the largest proportion, or 1.9 per cent, as compared with none in the Middle West, and 1.3 per cent

in the South.

Comparing the proportions shown by the various races in the different localities, it will be seen that no race reports employees in the Middle West who were iron and steel workers abroad, while

in the South the largest proportion, or 8.3 per cent, is shown by the Poles, followed by the North Italians with 7.1 per cent, the South Italians showing 0.5 per cent. Regarding the East, in the Pittsburg district only two races report proportions, the Magyars 1.3 per cent and the Croatians 0.9 per cent; in Community C the Germans exhibit the largest proportion, or 2.9 per cent, as compared with 1.2 per cent as shown by the Magyars, other races not showing any members who had been iron and steel workers before immigration; in Community D the Poles and Magyars, the only races reporting proportions, show 2.6 per cent and 1.1 per cent, respectively, who were employed abroad in iron and steel manufacturing.

The table next submitted shows, by locality and by race, the per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel before coming to the United States:

TABLE 30.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in the iron and steel manufacturing industry before coming to the United States, by locality and by (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

race.

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

From the above table it appears that the proportion of foreign-born male employees who were engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel before coming to the United States is larger in the Middle West than in the South, and larger in the South than in the East. Of the several races, the Croatian, English, German, Irish, Lithuanian, Russian, Servian, and Welsh have a larger proportion of individuals who were employed while abroad in the manufacture of iron and steel in the Middle West than in the East; the Finns, North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Slovaks, Slovenians, and Swedes have larger proportions in the East than in the Middle West, and the Germans and Slovaks in the South than in either the Middle West or the East a larger proportion who were iron and steel workers while abroad.