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TABLE 289.-Number of piece workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of employment-Continued.

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Table 290.—Per cent of piece workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of employment.*

[This table includes only races reporting 20 or more. The totals, however, include all reporting.] EMPLOYED FROM 1902 TO 1907.

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or time lost from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

TABLE 290.-Per cent of piece workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of employment-Continued.

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TABLE 291.-Number of day workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of

employment.*

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

TABLE 291.-Number of day workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of employment-Continued.

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TABLE 292.-Per cent of day workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of

employment.*

[This table includes only races reporting 20 or more. The totals, however, include all reporting.] EMPLOYED FROM 1902 TO 1907.

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*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.

TABLE 292.-Per cent of day workers earning each specified amount, by race and length of employment-Continued.

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Of the 541 individuals who began work five years before the data for the above table were collected 184 are pieceworkers and 357 are day workers. The percentages of the table show that a considerable proportion of the Irish, American, German and Magyar day workers, together with the bulk of the individuals of the other races, remain at the lower rates of pay. Of the pieceworkers a considerably larger proportion of the Germans and Slovaks than of the individuals of any of the other races are found making the largest earnings specified.

It will be noted that the proportion of employees employed for ten years earning the larger amounts specified is greater than was the case among those who had been working only five years. The Americans and Germans report proportions earning the larger amounts as day workers, and the Slovaks, Poles, Irish, Germans, and Americans as pieceworkers.

Among those employed for a period of fifteen years the Poles, Irish, Germans, and Americans report proportions earning the higher amounts as day laborers, and among the pieceworkers the Germans, Irish, and Americans.

Of the day workers who entered the industry twenty years ago the largest proportion of individuals earning the amounts specified is reported for those earning between $2 and $2.50 per day, while of the pieceworkers much larger proportions are reported for those earning $31 and under $36, and $51 or over, than for any of the other specified amounts.

The proportion of employees of fifteen and twenty years' experience, respectively, who earn the larger amounts specified, both as day workers and as pieceworkers, is larger for the native-born and men of the races of old immigration than for the men of the races of recent immigration. In this connection it should be borne in mind, however, that comparatively few southern and eastern Europeans began work twenty years prior to 1907.@

OPINIONS OF EMPLOYERS AS TO PROGRESS OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES.

It was found difficult, in the course of the investigation in the community, to obtain definite statements from the employers giving specific comparisons as to the progressiveness of the different races. The employers agree in the general opinion that all immigrants show more or less slow progress in the scale of occupations, although all were disinclined to make this statement with any degree of conviction regarding South Italians, and, excepting an employer in a pressedbrick plant, regarding Croatians. No opinion was given in regard to Macedonians on account of the short time they had been employed in this locality.

A fairly definite statement from officials in the largest steel plant' on account of its predominance in affording employment may be considered representative. By them the English, Germans, Welsh, Scotch, Irish, and Swedes are considered as showing the same degree in progressiveness as natives. It was stated, moreover, that no distinct difference between the workmen of these races and native Americans could be stated. Next to them, the Slovaks, Poles, and Magyars, in the order named, were the most progressive in the industrial scale, while Croatians and South Italians were thought rarely to advance in the occupations.

RACES OF IMMIGRANT LABOR PREFERRED BY EMPLOYERS.

The statements of employers regarding their preferences for races could only be obtained in a general way, since in the cases of particular kinds of work their opinions of the relative efficiency of the races employed had not been narrowed down to the point of differentiation. The employers, as a whole, however, agreed on practically all comparisons given, which may be summarized thus:

(1) Natives were considered superior to all races for executive positions, from the "labor bosses" up. In some instances the Irish, Welsh, and English were compared favorably with natives, and the Germans were considered next. No instances of members of southern European races occupying executive positions occur, except when an Italian is in charge of an Italian labor gang.

a See History of immigration to the community, Chap. II, p. 338.
Steel plant No. 1.

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