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TABLE 276.-Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[The families here represented are only those where both husband and wife are present.]

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a For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272.

This column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
This column includes 4 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."

TABLE 277.-Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and wife present appear in this table.]

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This column includes 3 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
Not computed, owing to small number involved.

The preceding table shows that in 51.8 per cent of the families reporting in this district the wives add to the family income either by employment or by keeping boarders or lodgers. The percentage for foreign-born families is above that for the grand total. The Croatians report by far the highest average among the families whose heads were foreign-born. The percentages of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers decrease as the incomes of the husbands increase.

SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows the percentage of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 278.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

(This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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Of the total number of families selected, 94.3 per cent have an income from the earnings of the husband; 49.4 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers; the other specified sources are less commonly a part of the family income, the earnings of the wife being an item in only 1.9 per cent of the families.

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The following table shows source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 279.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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• For selection of families, see Vol. II, p. 272. Not computed, owing to small number involved.

19.6

Of the total number of families selected for the study that is made in the above table, 31.2 per cent derive their entire family income from the husband, while a slightly increased proportion derive entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers. The proportion of families deriving income from any one of the other sources specified in the table is small, and in no case is as much as 5 per cent. No comparison between the native-born and foreign-born can be made.

Among the foreign-born families studied, the Slovaks show the greatest proportion that have entire income from husband, while the Croatians show the smallest proportion having income from that source. These positions are exactly reversed in the case of families having income from husband and boarders or lodgers, the Croatians showing the largest proportion and the Slovaks the smallest. The proportion of families having income from other sources is small and does not warrant comparison.

48296°-VOL 8—11- -25

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The following table shows the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 280.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

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In the total number of selected families, 64.2 per cent of the total income is from the earnings of the husband; 21.2 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers; 10 per cent from the contributions of children; 4.5 per cent from other sources; and 0.3 per cent from earnings of wife. Since all but 18 of the families are foreign-born, the figures for the total closely reflect the composition of the income of the families the heads of which were foreign-born. Every race has a greater proportion of the total income from the earnings of the husband than from any other source. It is noticeable, however, that the Croatians and Magyars, who have a smaller proportion of their total income from the earnings of the husband than the other specified races, have the largest proportions from the payments of boarders or lodgers. Of the total income of the South Italians 10.1 per cent is from the contributions of children.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Hours worked per day and per week-Frequency and methods of wage payments— Regularity of employment-Sanitary conditions in the plants Liability to accident or disease-The company-store system-Welfare work-Relation between the different races employed-Local prejudice-The immigrant and organized laborReasons for employing immigrants [Text Tables 281 to 286 and General Table 132].

'HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND PER WEEK.

In the coal mines of this community the employees work twelve hours per day and six days per week with the exception of carpenters, blacksmiths, blacksmith's helpers, mule shoers, machinists, sand driers, lamp cleaners, lumbermen, and common laborers who work ten hours each day and six days per week. In the different divisions of the blast-furnace departments of the steel plants the hours worked are as follows: Ore-storage and car-dumper division ten hours per day and six days per week. Iron-conveyor division, ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of iron pourers and foremen, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. Cast-house division, ten hours a day and six days a week, with the exception of cinder snappers, cinder conveyers, stove tenders and helpers, samplers, molders, hot-stove men, car inspectors, clay-pan men, and oil men, who work twelve hours a day and seven days a week.

In the boiler and engine house departments, twelve hours a day and seven days a week is the rule, with the exception of tool men and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the stock-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of the common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the steam house, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of the common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the car-shop department, ten hours a day and six days a week. In the ore-yard department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of foremen, operators, and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the car-dumper department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the trestles department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of day foremen, carpenters, and common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. In the mud-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week for oilers, and ten hours a day and six days a week for repairmen and common laborers. In the steam-house department, twelve hours a day and seven days a week, with the exception of common laborers, who work ten hours a day and six days a week. The coke men all work twelve hours a day and seven days a week. In the repair depart

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