TABLE 23.-Race of male employees for whom information was secured, by locality; per cent distribution-Continued.

From the data presented in the above table it appears that the proportion of foreign-born employees is much larger in the Middle West than in the East and much larger in the East than in the South; that the proportion of native-born white employees of native father is largest in the South and considerably smaller in the Middle West than in the East; that the proportion of employees native-born of foreign father is smallest in the South and slightly larger in the East than in the Middle West; and that the proportion of nativeborn negro employees of native father is many times larger in the South than in either the East or the Middle West. Of the foreignborn the Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Croatians, and Germans, in the order mentioned, are the principal races in the East; the Poles, Germans, Slovenians, Swedes, and Croatians, in the order mentioned, are the principal races in the Middle West; and the South Italians, Greeks, Slovaks, Russians, and Germans, in the order mentioned, are the principal races in the South.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied-Status of the first and second generations compared-Weekly earnings Relation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied– Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work--Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of different sources of family income-[Text Tables 24 to 61 and General Tables 6 to 18].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

Before entering upon a discussion of the status in this country of immigrant iron and steel workers and members of their households, it will be necessary to set forth their industrial condition before immigrating to the United States. In this connection the following tables show by race of individual the occupation and industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival.

TABLE 24.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Race of individual.

TABLE 25.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all

foreign-born.]

Information was secured from a total of 1,727 females in the households studied who reported the character of their occupations before coming to this country. Of the total number reporting, 66.5 per cent had been without occupation; while 18.5 per cent of the total number had been working for wages, 14.3 per cent had been working without wages, and 0.8 per cent had been working for profit.

Of the total number of Croatian females reporting, 16.9 per cent had been employed as farm laborers for wages, as compared with 13.9 per cent of the Slovaks, 11.9 per cent of the Poles, and 7.5 per cent of the Magyars. None of the French, Irish, North Italians, Scotch, or Slovenian reporting had been so employed, and only 2.1 per cent of the Roumanians and 4.6 per cent of the Servians. The Poles had the largest proportion, or 15 per cent, who were engaged in domestic service, while none of the Scotch were thus engaged.

Of the races represented among those who were employed as factory operatives, 4.7 per cent of all of the Irish reporting were so employed, 1.6 per cent of the Magyar, 1.2 per cent of the Slovak, and 0.3 per cent each of the South Italian and Polish These are the only races represented in factory occupations. Small proportions of the Slovenian, Croatian, German, Irish, Magyar, South Italian, and Polish women were engaged in hand trades in their native countries.

Thirteen and five-tenths per cent of the total number of women reporting were farm laborers working without wages, and only 0.8 per cent were in other occupations. Of all of the Roumanian females reporting, 55.3 per cent were farm laborers working without wages, as well as 42.9 per cent of the Slovenians, 36.6 per cent of the Ruthenians, and 21.6 per cent of the Poles. None of the French, Irish, or Scotch were thus employed. Of the North Italian females,

Farm laborers.

In other occu-
pations.

Total.

Farmers.

In other occu-
pations.

Total.

2 per cent were working without wages in occupations other than farming, as compared with 2.9 per cent of the Slovenians, 1.6 per cent of the Poles, 1.2 per cent of the Magyars, 1 per cent of the South Italians, and 0.5 per cent of the Croatians. None of the other races show any women who worked abroad without wages in occupations other than farming. Six-tenths per cent of the total number reporting were farmers working for profit. These were confined to the Magyar, Polish, Roumanian, Servian, and Slovak races; and the 0.1 per cent who were working for profit in occupations other than farming were confined to the Croatian and German races.

The tables next presented show the occupation and industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over when they came to the United States.

TABLE 26.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]