government. They are of necessity only approximate, but it is believed that they are substantially correct. The Swedes are almost all mechanics, and learned their trade before coming to the United States. They are considered to be among the best employees of the company. The billet mill is the best-paying mill in the plant. There the Irish receive the best wages in the various occupations, and are thought to have the "best show" there, as there have always been three Irish foremen since the establishment of the mill. In the steel foundry the molders are chiefly Americans, Germans, Irish, Welsh, and English. A large number of the English and Welsh were molders before they came to the United States, and a lesser number of the Germans employed in this mill had the same training in their native land. Without exception the Irish have learned this occupation after immigration. The open-hearth department affords chiefly unskilled occupations for the employees, such as cleaning up, wheeling, unloading stock, etc. The miscellaneous department includes the machine shops, the iron foundry brick and stone masons, and the large and small railroads inside of and connecting the plants. In this general department the English are chiefly machinists, the Irish are brick masons, a few Croatians are carpenters, the skilled Magyars are nearly all machinists who have learned their trade in their native land, the Swedish are mechanics, and the Italians are almost altogether engaged on the railroads in construction work as unskilled labor. There are ten Italian foremen. In general, it is stated that the Italians have supplanted the Irish in the occupations on the railroad belonging to this company, the latter having worked there almost exclusively until 1883 and 1884.

The Americans employed in the mines of this concern are practically all skilled, doing the work on the hoisting and other machines. Before the coming of the southern and eastern European races the English and the Welsh, and to some extent the Irish and the Germans, supplied all the labor used in the mines. They still hold the best places, being foremen, engineers of the compressed-air locomotives, fire bosses, etc. The southern and eastern European races furnish at present all of the loaders and nearly all of the pickers, scrapers, and machine miners, as well as the machine setters.

As affording an additional insight into the industrial status of the iron and steel employees of foreign birth, the following table is also submitted, which exhibits the occupations of the foreign-born employees of steel company No. 2:

TABLE 254.-Occupation of foreign-born employees of steel company No. 2, by race.

The following table shows the entire operating force of the local radiator-manufacturing company, according to race and occupation:

TABLE 255.-Occupation of employees of radiator company, by race.

Occupation.

Assembler....

Borer..

Carpenter
Cleaner..

Core maker.

Engineer.

Ameri

can, Croatian. German. Italian. Magyar. Polish. Servian. Slovak. Total. White.

Laborer.

Machinist.

Melter.

3

Molder..

24

9

1

10

2

Tester..

8

Total..

The tables next presented are designed to show the general industrial status of the immigrant in the community employed outside the blast furnaces and steel mills. They set forth, according to occupation and race, the employees of the two local breweries, the fire-brick manufacturing company, and the passenger railway company of the community, exclusive of its conductors and motormen.

TABLE 256.-Occupation of employees of brewing company No. 1, by race.

TABLE 257.-Occupation of employees of brewing company No. 2, by race.

TABLE 258.-Occupation of employees of fire-brick manufacturing company, by race.

TABLE 259.-Occupation of employees of street passenger railway company, by race.

Not including a number of American whites not reported.

Not including a number of Slovaks not reported.

d Not including a number of American whites and Slovaks not reported.

RATES OF PAY.

By reference to the wage scale of steel company No. 1, the rates of pay which prevail among the employees of the establishment may be readily seen." The following series of tables shows, according to occupation and race, the wage scale or rates of remuneration for the day or time workers of the other industrial enterprises in the community.

TABLE 260.-Number of employees and rate of wages per day in steel company No. 2, by department and occupation, and race.

TABLE 260.-Number of employees and rate of wages per day in steel company No. 2, by department and occupation, and race-Continued.