the other races range from 37.2 per cent of the Slovaks to 8.7 per cent of the Servians. With the exception of the Magyars, who report 2.4 per cent, no other race shows even the smallest proportion as having worked in the steel and iron industry prior to their arrival in this country. The Magyars also show the largest proportion in hand trades, while none of the Ruthenians and Servians were so employed; on the other hand, the Slovaks exhibit the largest percentage in occupations abroad other than those mentioned in the table.

Excepting the South Italians, 11.9 per cent of whom were employed without wages in occupations other than as farm laborers, not one race has a single representative who was employed without wages outside of farm occupations. Less than 1 per cent each of the Slovaks and Croatians worked for profit in occupations other than farming, while each of the other races, with the exception of the South Italians, who report no proportion working for profit, show proportions thus employed as farmers.

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING TO THE UNITED STATES.

In addition to the household study data were also secured directly from the local iron and steel workers and are embodied in the following table which shows the percentage of foreign-born male employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to the United States. The presentation is by race.

TABLE 249.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before coming to the United States, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

The greater proportion, or 64.4 per cent of the total number of employees, as can be readily seen from the table, had been engaged in farming or farm labor before coming to the United States. Of the total 12.5 per cent were also employed abroad as general laborers. The proportions in other specified occupations are inconsiderable, the smallest being 1.4 per cent in trade. The greater proportion of each race, excepting the German, were farmers or farm laborers in their

native countries. After this occupation general labor was the most common occupation of the specified races, excepting the Germans and North Italians, who had a greater proportion engaged in the hand trades. The Germans and Magyars are the only races showing over 5 per cent who were employed in the manufacturing of iron and steel products abroad. All the other races exhibit very low percentages, ranging from 3.6 per cent of the Slovenians to 1.2 per cent of the Servians, who had any training before emigration for the work in which they are now engaged in the United States.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table next presented sets forth the general industrial status at present of the women of the households studied in the community. The table shows the general occupation of female members of the households who were 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 250.-General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 292 foreign-born women, almost all, or 96.9 per cent, are at home. Only small percentages of the foreign-born females are employed, and less than 1 per cent are in school, contrasting sharply in this latter respect with the native-born of foreign father, 4.7 per cent of whom are in school. The second generation are also engaged in occupations outside their homes to a much greater extent than are the foreign-born, a greater proportion being employed in domestic service than in the other classes of occupations enumerated. Of the foreign-born, all the South Italians, Magyars, and Poles are at home, and almost all the Slovaks. The Croatian is the only race having any considerable proportion of its women engaged in occupations outside their homes.

GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The following table shows the general occupation of males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 251.-General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of the total of 820 individuals, 73.8 per cent are employed in iron and steel manufacturing establishments of the community. No member of any race or nativity group is in school and very small proportions are at home. Of the foreignborn males the Servians have the highest percentage employed in iron and steel manufacturing, followed by the Magyars, Slovaks, Poles, Croatians, Ruthenians, and South Italians. The South Italians are largely engaged in the railroad and other general construction work in the community, and are also, together with the Slovaks, Poles, and Ruthenians, extensively employed in the local bituminous mines.

OCCUPATIONS ENTERED BY IMMIGRANTS.

While statements that would cover the first occupations entered into by recent immigrants would be impossible, the following distinct tendencies are apparent from the answers to inquiries made, and from interviews with immigrants and their employers. Generally the southern and eastern European races have supplanted to a very large extent the earlier immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe in the unskilled occupations, while the latter have been advanced into the skilled occupations in proportion to the scarcity of labor which has resulted from the expansion of the local industries. There has been very little displacement of the old immigrants in the skilled

occupations. The southern and eastern European races have gone into the skilled occupations only in cases where there were not enough Americans, English, Welsh, Germans, Irish, and Swedes to supply the demand for that sort of labor. It is further stated that, generally speaking, among the southeastern European races there has been very little displacement. There is no general tendency apparent except in the case of the Croatians and the Italians, who have to some extent taken the places of the Poles, Slovaks, and Magyars who have been advanced. The Slovaks engaged at first almost altogether in the unskilled occupations in the steel plants and mines. Some few engaged in miscellaneous occupations, such as the brick works, railroad construction, etc. The Poles have always been more identified with the mines than with the steel works, although many of the first immigrants who came to this locality entered the unskilled occupations in the latter. At present, the larger number of new Polish immigrants enter unskilled occupations in the steel plants because the Croatians are competing with them seriously in the mines.

The larger portion of the newly arrived Magyars become laborers in the steel plants. There is a sprinkling of them in all occupations, including the mines, but the tendency appears to be toward the unskilled occupations in the steel establishments. None have entered skilled occupations immediately after arrival in the United States so far as the investigation in this locality has shown. A few instances of Magyar professional men and tradesmen have been found where they have been able to pursue their profession or trade as soon as they arrive; this, however, is very rare. The present tendency of many of the newly arrived immigrants of the Croatian and Servian races is to enter the mines. So far as the demand for labor has allowed them a few have taken the places of other races in all the various occupations in the brick manufacturing plant. Since they first began coming in considerable numbers, however, many have gone directly into the unskilled occupations afforded in the steel plant. The Italians evidence a strong tendency to do the rough labor of all kinds on the railroads, highways, streets, and the steel company railroad. A considerable number have secured their first employment as unskilled and general laborers in the steel plant and other industries. No instance of a newly arrived Italian immigrant being financially able to enter street trades or mercantile businesses of any kind has been found in this locality. The Syrians exhibit a strong tendency to engage in business as soon as possible. In some instances they have succeeded immediately after their arrival, although the greater portion of them are employed for varying periods of time as unskilled laborers in the steel works. In proportion to their numbers, however, more Syrians are engaged in street trades and small mercantile enterprises than any other race except the Russian Hebrews. The Russian Hebrews engage in peddling, in addition to the other street trades, and a few are to be found in unskilled occupations in the steel industry. The Macedonians engage first in unskilled labor in the brick yards and to some extent in the steel works. Some have been able to practice trades they have learned in their native land and to engage in street vending. They also exhibit a tendency to operate small restaurants and tobacco shops.

The table next submitted shows the employees of industrial concern No. 1, according to race and departments:

TABLE 252.-Number of employees in each specified department, by race-industrial

concern No. 1, 1907.

The following table shows the proportion of skilled laborers of each race in the various departments of industrial concern No. 1. In this table skilled laborers are arbitrarily considered to be those who are receiving more than $1.45 per day (143 cents per hour) and unskilled laborers those receiving $1.45 or less per day. The classification is made upon the basis of the wage-scale of the steel company, which provides for a maximum payment of $1.45 for a day of ten hours to unskilled or common laborers.

TABLE 253.-Per cent of skilled laborers of each race in each specified department-industrial concern No. 1, 1907.

The data on which the last table is based were furnished by the chief of time force, the superintendents, and the foremen in the various departments of steel company No. 1 and are based on the figures given in a report for the year 1907 to the Pennsylvania state