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TABLE 239.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual-Continued.

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The following table shows the number and per cent of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 240.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and

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CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

Industrial history of the community-History of immigration to the communityPeriod of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial composition of the present population-Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 241 to 244 and General Tables 117 and 118].

INDUSTRIAL HISTORY OF THE COMMUNITY.

Previous to 1842 Community A was a small locality of about 2,000 population having no particular industry. The first movement toward the establishment of the iron and steel industries was made immediately after the panic of 1837. The scarcity of money and the inability to obtain commodities necessary for ordinary consumption led to the belief that if the production of some staple commodity could be established such effects as they had suffered in 1837 would not again be possible. Search for some marketable commodity caused the possibility of producing iron to be seriously considered. In 1840 ore was found on the outskirts of the town, and an iron furnace was finished in 1842. Soon after this other ore was discovered, and several other furnaces were built. No coal being mined in the locality at this time, charcoal was used instead of coke for purposes of reducing iron ore. The interest in iron production in this locality led to the organization of the Iron Company in 1852, the forerunner of the present large steel concern which has been called "Company 1." In the following year the first rolling mill was begun. Several coke furnaces were soon afterwards built, and charcoal was entirely supplanted by the use of coke. In the organization of this iron company nearly all of the small furnaces were consolidated. In 1857 Kelley made his first experiments with the converter, and it was used for the first time in 1858. In 1867 its first order for steel rails was filled by plant a.

In 1878 a steel company was transferred from New Jersey and was organized in partnership with the iron company which had been organized here in 1852. Three years later it became a department of this company and is now plant b of Company 1. In 1898 further extensions of the plant and of the ownership of various ore properties took place. In 1901 another company was formed by the principal stockholders in the old company, and was taken into the latter organization during the same year. In 1906 plant c, whose establishment was the object for which the new company of 1901 was formed, began operations in a suburb. Another steel company was removed to Community A in 1882, and in 1888 its plant was completed. In 1894 the rolling mill was removed, but the switch department was left in Community A, and forms at present the works of the steel company

which has been designated as Company 2. This company is at present operated as a department of an Ohio tube company.

In 1868 the brick works, already referred to, were established. Some fifteen years later a brewery was started in one section, then a large Irish and German immigrant settlement, and now the chief foreign section of Community A. About ten years later another brewery was established, and since then several small establishments have been started in the city.

The industrial development of the town has gone hand in hand with the growth of its principal industry.

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE COMMUNITY.

The Welsh, who were the first immigrants to come to this locality, came as early as 1830 to engage in farming and mining. For the next twenty years they arrived in small numbers. In 1852, with the establishment of the iron company, many experienced iron and mine workers entered. They were the dominant race in the employ of this company until 1858, when they went out on strike. Large numbers. left as a consequence of the failure of the strike, and in their stead Americans and foreign-born Germans and Irish were employed. Then small numbers of English, Scotch, and Swedes came. These latter races, together with the Welsh who remained, constituted the sole employees until 1883. Then came a few Poles and Slovaks, who entered the unskilled occupations. With the development of the plant, and the consequent increase in demand for labor, which could not be met by the races previously employed, there began a steady, but slow, inflow of Poles, Slovaks, and Magyars, which continued until about 1898. After this date the number of southeastern European immigrants was largely increased, not only of Poles, Slovaks, and Magyars, but also of Croatians and South Italians in considerable number, and to a less extent of Syrians, Ruthenians, Bohemians, and Moravians. Within the last two or three years the Macedonians have been coming in appreciable numbers.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

An insight into the racial movements to the community may be had from an examination of the period of residence in the United States of the iron and steel workers and the members of their households for whom detailed information was received. The following table shows the percentage of foreign-born male employees of the local iron and steel establishments who had been in the United States each specified number of years.

TABLE 241.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the 4,466 employees studied in this community, 45.4 per cent have been in the United States under five years, while 26.2 per cent have been here from five to nine years. From twenty to ten years ago immigration to this community was on the decrease, with the result that only 5.8 per cent have been here from ten to fourteen years and 6.9 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years. Only 15.7 per cent of all employees studied have been in this country for twenty years or more. The Croatians, Poles, Russians, and Servians show the largest proportions among persons who have resided in the United States under five years, and the Welsh, English, Irish, and German the smallest proportions. Of those who have been here from five to nine years, the North Italians have the largest proportion, followed by the South Italians, Magyars, and Croatians in the order named. Only 5 per cent of the English have been in this country from five to nine years and but 2.3 per cent of the Welsh. The North Italians and Greeks are the only races that show more than 10 per cent of their number who have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years.

The longest period of residence is shown by the Welsh, of whom 72.7 per cent have been in the United States for twenty or more years. The English, with 70.8 per cent, are second, followed by the Irish and Germans. All other races studied show less than 10 per cent of their number who have been in the United States for twenty or more years. The table following shows the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years. The presentation is by race of individual.

TABLE 242.-Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the total number reporting complete data 93.5 per cent have been in the United States under twenty years, 82.1 per cent less than ten years, and 52.2 under five years. The entire number of Poles, Ruthenians, and Servians, and practically all the Croatians and South Italians furnishing information have been in the community less than twenty years, while only a small percentage of the Hebrews, North Italians, Magyars, and Slovaks have a longer period of residence. On the other hand, the Germans, Welsh, and Irish have small percentages with a residence under twenty years, indicating the earlier beginning of their immigration.

The Poles are the latest comers, having 65.9 per cent who have been in this country under five years, and are followed by the Magyars, Croatians, South Italians, Ruthenians, Slovaks, Servians, Hebrews, and North Italians.

RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRESENT POPULATION.

The total population of Community A, as given by the Twelfth Census (1900), was 35,936, of which 28,618 were natives, and 7,318 were foreign-born. The foreign population in 1900, by countries from which the largest number of immigrants came, was as follows: "

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