The following table shows, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child, the number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age in the households studied at home, at school, and at work:

TABLE 226.-Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]

The children native-born of South Italian fathers comprise the smallest proportion of children at school and the largest proportion at home. None of this class, however, are at work. On the other hand, of the foreign-born children of South Italian fathers, 5.7 are at work. The largest proportion of children at work of any of the specified classes are foreign-born children of Slovak fathers. It would seem, on the whole, that smaller proportions of children at school result in larger proportions at home rather than in relatively greater numbers at work.

CITIZENSHIP.

The table next presented shows, by race, the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming.

TABLE 227.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

That only 41 per cent of the 8,615 foreign-born male employees for whom information was obtained in this locality have manifested any interest in American citizenship is apparent from the above table, 30.7 per cent having become fully naturalized, while an additional 10.3 per cent have secured first papers.

Among the various races it will be noted that, as contrasted with the older, the proportions of the more recent immigrant races having manifested an interest in American citizenship are very low. As regards the older immigrant races, it will be noted that the Irish, with 73.1 per cent fully naturalized, show a slightly larger proportion than do the Scotch, English, Welsh, Germans, French, or Swedes, the last named reporting 56.8 per cent. The Swedes, however, in addition to the proportion fully naturalized, show 29 per cent as having

secured first papers. This proportion, it will be noted, is slightly in excess of that shown by the French and considerably in excess of that shown by the Scotch, Welsh, English, Germans, or Irish, the last named reporting 10.7 per cent. Of the more recent immigrant races, on the other hand, the Finns, with 37.5 per cent, show the largest proportion fully naturalized followed by the South Italians, Bohemians and Moravians, North Italians, and Austrians (race not specified), in the order named. As regards the proportions of the more recent immigrants having first papers only, the Greeks, with 23.7 per cent, show the largest proportion, and the lowest, or 3.4 per cent, is shown by the Poles.

The following table shows, by years in the United States and race, the present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States.

TABLE 228.-Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

As showing to what extent the foreign-born male employees in acquiring citizenship have been influenced by length of residence it will be seen that of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years only 4.9 per cent are fully naturalized and 10.9 per cent have first papers only, as compared with 56.2 fully naturalized and 9.7 per cent having first papers of those who have been in the United States ten years or over.

Concerning those who have been in the United States from five to nine years it will be seen that the Irish show the largest proportion fully naturalized. While the Swedes in this residence group show a very small proportion, or 8.3 per cent, fully naturalized, they show a

very large proportion, or 70.8 per cent, having first papers only. The next largest proportion, or 43.5 per cent, having first papers only, is shown by the Welsh. The Poles, it will be seen, have manifested less interest in American citizenship than any other race in this period of residence.

As regards those who have been in the United States ten years or over the proportions of the older immigrant races fully naturalized range from 86.2 per cent of the Scotch to 72.8 per cent of the Welsh, while of the more recent immigrant races the proportions range from 52.9 per cent of the South Italians to 11.8 per cent of the Croatians. As regards those in this period of residence having first papers only the Lithuanians, with 14.2 per cent, show the largest proportion, and the Slovenians with 3.3 per cent show the smallest proportion. The table next presented shows the present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:

TABLE 229.-Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]

In this locality information was obtained from 404 foreign-born males in the households studied. Of that number 17.3 per cent only are fully naturalized, while an additional 7.9 per cent have, by securing first papers, manifested a desire to become citizens of the United States.

Among the foreign-born reported in sufficient numbers to admit of comparison it will be seen that a much larger proportion of North Italians than of any other race are fully naturalized. Following the North Italians are the South Italians, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Poles, Magyars, and Croatians, in the order named.

As regards these same races, the representatives of which have secured first papers only, the Ruthenians report the largest proportion, followed by the Magyars, Slovaks, Poles, Croatians, and South Italians, in the order named.

ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.

Ability to speak English may be considered as a favorable indication of tendencies toward assimilation or of the ability to understand and adopt American customs and standards.

The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied who are 6 years of age or over and who are able to speak English:

TABLE 230.-Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all non-English-speaking races.]

Of 1,589 males reported in the above table, 40.4 per cent speak English and a slightly smaller proportion of the females, or 37.4 per cent, are able to use the language. The proportion of foreign-born speaking English is very low, being only 31.9 per cent of a total of 2,231 persons of both sexes. Of the native-born of foreign father, 10.8 per cent of the females report inability to speak English, and a slightly lower proportion of the males.

A study of the foreign-born by race shows almost equally low proportions of Servians, Ruthenians, Croatians, and Poles, ranging from 20 per cent, in the case of the first named race, to 21.6 per cent of the last, reporting ability to speak English. Somewhat higher proportions of English-speaking individuals are reported by the Magyars, Roumanians, Slovaks, and South Italians, ranging in the order given, from 30.3 per cent to 38.4 per cent. Of the races studied,