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TABLE 222.-Per cent of male employees within each group, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.¡

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In the above table, of 53,130 males studied, 21.2 per cent were from 35 to 44 years of age, and slightly smaller proportions were from 20 to 24 years and from 25 to 29 years of age. Of the total, 16.1 per cent were from 30 to 34 years of age. Of the foreign-born employees, 22.6 per cent were from 35 to 44 years of age, and about the same proportion were from 25 to 29 and from 20 to 24 years of age. Small proportions are found in each of the other specified groups, the largest being the 17 per cent reported for those 30 to 34 years of age.

In the case of males 20 to 24 years of age there is a considerable variation in regard to the proportions of several foreign-born races. From 34.2 per cent of the Croatians the percentages drop to 5.5 of the Irish. The proportion of the white employees native-born of

native father in this group is exactly the same as that of the foreignborn, but only 8.2 per cent of the native-born negroes of native father were from 20 to 24 years of age. There is but relatively little variation from the proportion of 22.2 per cent of the foreign-born 25 to 29 years of age in the case of the individual foreign races. The employees native-born of native father, both whites and negroes, present comparatively low proportions, the former reporting 19.3 per cent and the latter 17.5. In studying the age group 45 to 54 years a very marked difference is noted between the races of recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe and those of past immigration from Great Britain and northern Europe. Every one of the latter group of races reports over 14 per cent. As compared with these high proportions, all the other races fall below the total foreign average of 9.3 per cent, the minimum proportion of 1.9 per cent being reported by the Finns. The white employees native-born of native father show a proportion slightly lower than that of all the foreign-born.

Very small proportions of the various foreign-born races report males 55 years of age or over, the highest proportions being presented by the same races of early immigration mentioned in the above paragraph. The highest proportion reported by any race of recent immigration is the 1.8 per cent of the Hebrews other than Russian. None of the Bulgarians or Ruthenians are in this age group. The group native-born of native father, both white and negro, report proportions slightly greater than the per cent averaged by all the foreign-born.

CHAPTER VIII.

GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.

Ownership of homes-School attendance-Status of children in the households studied Citizenship-Ability to speak English-[Text Tables 223 to 235 and General Tables 105 to 113].

OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.

The acquisition of homes may be obviously considered as an index of permanent settlement in the United States on the part of the representatives of the several immigrant races. The tendencies in this direction are shown in the following table, which sets forth, by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and per cent of families owning homes:

TABLE 223.-Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race of head of family.

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Of the total number of families from whom information was secured in this locality, 19.6 per cent own homes.

Of the native-born, 34.4 per cent own homes, as compared with only 18.3 per cent of the foreign-born.

The Bohemians and Moravians among the foreign-born races show the largest proportion, or 75 per cent, owning their homes. No race approaches very closely this percentage, the next largest, or 38.9 per

cent, being reported by the Irish. Following the Irish are the North Italians, Germans, and South Italians, who report 31.8, 31.4, and 21.9 per cent, respectively. Only three other foreign races, the Slovaks, Poles, and Magyars, show proportions in excess of 10 per cent owning homes, while the proportions of the other foreign races range from 9.5 per cent of the Croatians to 3.6 per cent of the Roumanians. It will be noted that the proportion of native whites owning homes is but slightly lower than that of the foreign-born Germans.

SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.

The table next presented is a result of a study of the public schools of the city of Pittsburg.

TABLE 224.-Number and per cent of total pupils in public schools in Pittsburg, Pa., by general nativity and race of father of pupil.

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In this locality information as to nativity and race of father was secured for 45,378 pupils. Of these, 45.9 per cent are of foreign parentage, 48 per cent are the children of native whites, and 6.2 per cent the children of native negroes. Among the foreign-born the principal races represented in the public schools are, in the order mentioned, the Germans, Russian Hebrews, Irish, English, and South Italians.

STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The table following shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age, in the households studied, at home, at school, and at work.

TABLE 225.-Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.

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As regards the occupation of 577 children in this district, concerning whom information was obtained, it will be noted that 80.1 per cent are at school, 16.5 per cent are at home, while the remaining proportion are at work. As between the employees native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born, the former exhibit a larger proportion at school and a smaller proportion at home than do the latter, the proportions at work being very nearly the same. Comparing those native-born of native father with those native-born of foreign father, it will be seen that a smaller percentage of the former than of the latter are at home and at work, while a larger proportion are at school. Among the foreign-born races a slightly larger proportion of the South Italian than of Slovak or Magyar children are at school, while of those at home the proportion of Magyar children is considerably in excess of the proportion of the South Italian or Slovak children. On the other hand, the Magyars have no children at work, as compared with 11.8 per cent of the Slovaks, and 5.7 per cent of the South Italians.

Comparing the proportions of children native-born of foreign father, at home, at school, and at work, it will be noted that the South Italians with 32 per cent of their children at home report the largest proportion, followed by the Poles, Croatians, and Slovaks, in the order named. Of those at school, the Bohemians and Moravians report the largest proportion, or 88.9 per cent. Closely following the Bohemians and Moravians are the North Italians, Irish, and Magyars, in the order named, each reporting over 85 per cent. The proportions of the other races range from 76.5 per cent of the Slovaks to 64 per cent of the Croatians. None of the North Italian, South Italian, or Polish children are at work, as compared with 8 per cent of the Croatian children. Following the Croatians are the Irish, who report a larger proportion of children at work than do the Magyars, Bohemians and Moravians, or Slovaks.

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