per cent of 10 persons or over, and small proportions of 2, 7, 8, and 9 persons each. Of the households, the heads of which were foreignborn from 9.1 per cent to 12.3 per cent are composed of 3, 4, 5, or 6 persons each, 27.3 per cent of 10 or more persons, and smaller proportions are composed of 2, 7, 8, and 9 persons each. Of the several races, from 50 per cent to 83.9 per cent of the Ruthenians, Servians, Croatians, and Roumanians report households of 9 or more persons each, in the order given. The last-named race shows that 76.8 per cent of its households are composed of 10 or more persons. Three races, the Bohemians and Moravians, Slovaks, and Polish, have a majority of households of 3, 4, 5, and 6 persons. The greater number of the Irish and North Italian households consist of from 4 to 8 persons. Of the South Italians, 69.1 per cent of the households consist of 6 or more persons. In the case of the Magyars, 19.4 per cent are of 3 persons and the same proportion of 10 or more persons.

CONGESTION.

The table next submitted shows, according to general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms:

TABLE 205.—Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.

From the total of the above table it will be seen that there is an average of 7.67 persons in each apartment, regardless of the number of rooms. The households of foreign-born heads show an average of 7.87 persons; the native-born of foreign father an average of 5.36 persons; and the native-born of native father an average of 4.69 persons

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in each apartment. Of the foreign-born the Roumanians, followed by the Croatians and Servians, have the highest average number of persons in each apartment, and the Slovaks show the lowest average number of persons in each apartment.

As regards the number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms it will be seen from the grand total that, generally speaking, the number of persons increases gradually with the number of rooms, apartments of 1 room showing an average of 2.79 persons and apartments of 7 or more rooms showing an average of 11.51 persons. The same statement made regarding the grand total applies to the foreign-born, who show an average of 2.79 persons in apartments of 1 room and an average of 14.28 persons in apartments of 7 or more rooms, while the native-born of native father show an average number of 4.42, 5.36, and 4.42 in apartments of 5 rooms, 6 rooms, and 7 or more rooms, respectively.

The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room in the households studied:"

TABLE 206.-Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

The total number of households investigated have an average of 7.67 persons per apartment, 1.84 per room, and 3.05 per sleeping room. The households whose heads were native-born of native father have a slightly smaller average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room than have the households whose heads were native-born of foreign father. The latter, however, approach more closely the standards of the native-born of native father than they do the decidedly higher averages of the households of the foreign-born.

The greatest degree of crowding seems to be among the Roumanian households, which average 14.84 persons per apartment, 3 per room,

and 3.94 per sleeping room. In a lesser degree crowding is general among the households of the Croatians, Servians, and Ruthenians. No race among the foreign-born equals the low average number of persons per apartment and per room of the households the heads of which were native-born of native father. The Welsh and Hebrews, however, closely approach the native-born in the average number of persons per room. These two races also have a lower average number of persons per sleeping room than have the native-born of native father. The Slovak households have the smallest average number of persons per apartment among the foreign-born. The Bohemians and Moravians tend to crowd in sleeping rooms, although their average numbers per apartment and per room are relatively low. In the table next presented the range in the number of persons per room is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 207.-Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

Of the total number of households studied 87.4 per cent have 1 or more persons per room, 48.1 per cent have 2 or more persons per room, 16 per cent have at least 3 persons to a room, and 4.6 per cent have 4 or more. There is a very wide variation, however, between the number of the persons per room in the households of persons native-born of native father and those of the foreign-born. Of the latter only 9.7 per cent of the households have less than 1 person per room. Of the households of persons native-born of native father, 59.5 per cent have less than 1 person per room. Moreover, there is no instance among households native-born of native father where there

are found 2 or more persons per room. On the other hand, the proportion of foreign-born households of which this is true is 51.6 per cent. Of the Roumanian households 25 per cent have 4 or more persons per room, and no household has less than 1. The Croatians, Ruthenians, and Servians, also, have relatively large proportions of households with 3 or more or 4 or more persons per room. The smallest degree of crowding in the foreign households, for which information is given, is among the Irish. No household of that race has 3 or more persons per room and only 7.9 per cent have 2 or more. With the exception of the Irish, the South Italians show the smallest proportion of households with 2 or more persons per room. In the German households the number of persons per room varies considerably. Of the total number, 22.9 per cent have less than 1 person per room and yet 17.1 per cent have 3 or more. The average number of persons per room, however, for all the German households is relatively low.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the range in the number of persons per sleeping room: TABLE 208.-Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.

In the 733 foreign households shown in the preceding table there is an average of 3.13 persons for each sleeping room as compared with an average of 1.93 persons per sleeping room in the 42 households, the heads of which are native-born of native father. Of the latter, but 2.4 per cent of the households report 4 or more persons to a sleeping room, and no household reports as high as 5 persons. As opposed to these proportions, 29.9 per cent of the foreign households report 4 or more persons to a sleeping room, and 4.8 per cent with 6 or more

persons to a sleeping room. Of the households with heads native-born of native father, 85.7 per cent report less than 3 persons to a sleeping room, as contrasted with 40.7 per cent of the foreign-born reporting similar conditions. Of the households reporting less than 2 persons to a sleeping room the native-born of native father report 47.6 per cent, while the foreign-born report but 11.7 per cent.

Of the foreign-born, but one race, the Bohemians and Moravians, report no households with less than 2 persons to a sleeping room, and but one race, the Irish, have no households with 6 or more persons to a sleeping room. Less than 10 per cent of the Polish, Ruthenian, Roumanian, North Italian, Servian, and Croatian households show less than 2 persons to a sleeping room.

A study of the proportions of each race reporting 3 or more persons to a sleeping room shows but one, the German, reporting a majority, or 68.6 per cent, sleeping less than 3 to a room. From 31.6 to 47.6 per cent of the Slovaks, North Italians, Ruthenians, Roumanians, and Croatians have 4 or more persons to a sleeping room.

Of those sleeping 6 or more to a room, the Irish, as already noted, report none. Of the Bohemians and Moravians, 15 per cent, and 11.9 per cent of the North Italians, report 6 or more persons to a sleeping room. Only small proportions of the Magyar, Polish, German, Roumanian, South Italian, and Ruthenian households, however, have 6 or more persons in each sleeping room.

The effect of crowding within the household upon living and sleeping arrangements is exhibited by the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms: TABLE 209.-Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.