TABLE 192.-Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

The above table shows that of the 700 families studied in this locality, 95.6 per cent have an income from earnings of husband, 53.3 per cent have an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, 12.4 per cent from the contributions of children, only 1.7 per cent from the earnings of wife, and 13 per cent have an income from sources not specified.

With the exception of the Roumanians and Ruthenians, a small proportion of the families of each foreign race have no income from the earnings of husband. As regards those having an income from earnings of wife, the Germans show a larger proportion than do the Servians, Irish, or Roumanians. No Servian families have an income from contributions of children, while the Irish, with 54.8 per cent having an income from this source, show the largest proportion. The small proportion of Irish families-3.2 per cent-having an income from payments of boarders or lodgers is in striking contrast with the proportion shown by any other race. The largest proportion of foreign families having an income from this source is shown by the Roumanians, while the smallest proportion, with the exception of the Irish, is shown by the Slovaks. Following the Roumanians are the Servians, the Croatians, the South Italians, and Ruthenians. Thus it will be seen that, with the exception of the Irish, each race shows a larger proportion of families supplementing the earnings of husbands from this than from any other source. From sources not specified, 37 per cent of the German, as compared with 1.4 per cent of the Croatian families, have an income.

The

The table next presented shows the sources of family income in detail, each specified source being exclusive of all other sources. presentation is by general nativity and race of head of family:

TABLE 193.-Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of

family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the 700 families studied in this locality, 44.7 per cent have entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers, 30.3 per cent from husband alone, 4.4 per cent from husband and children.

Among the foreign-born, the proportion of Slovak families having entire income from husband is in excess of that shown by any other race. With the exception of small proportions of Germans, Servians, Irish, and Roumanians, the families of no race have entire income from husband and wife. No Croatian, Roumanian, or Servian, and, as compared with 32.3 per cent of the Irish, only very small proportions of families of the other races have entire income from husband and children. No Irish families have entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers-the largest proportion, or 76.7 per cent, having entire income from this source, being shown by the Croatians, while the smallest proportion, or 22.2 per cent, is shown by the Germans. Following the Croatians are the Servians, Roumanians, Ruthenians, South Italians, North Italians, Poles, Magyars, Slovaks, and Germans, in the order mentioned. From children, 12.9 per cent of the Irish families, as compared with 1.7 per cent of the South Italian, and 1.1 per cent of the Magyar, have entire income. With these exceptions, the families of no other race have entire income from this source.

Only a very small proportion of the Magyar families have entire income from children and boarders or lodgers, and only very small proportions of the Servian, Croatian, Slovak, Polish, and Magyar families have entire income from boarders or lodgers.

RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.

The relative importance of the several sources of family income is shown in the following table, which exhibits, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:

TABLE 194.-Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

As regards the source of income of the 700 families studied in this locality, it will be noted that 65.1 per cent is derived from the earnings of husband, 23.4 per cent from the payments of boarders or lodgers, 8.6 per cent from the contributions of children, 0.4 per cent from earnings of wife, and 2.6 per cent from other sources.

Among the foreign-born it will be noted that, with the exception of the Roumanians and Servians, the largest proportion of the total income of each race is derived from the earnings of husband. Of the five races showing a proportion of the total income from the earnings of husband in excess of that shown in the total for all foreign-born families, the North Italians show the largest proportion, or 81.3, while the Ruthenians show the smallest, or 72.9 per cent. Of those showing a proportion below that indicated in the total, the range is from 63.5 per cent of the Magyars, to 44 per cent of the Roumanians.

With the exception of small proportions shown by the Roumanians, Irish, Germans, and Servians, no race shows a proportion of the total income derived from the earnings of wife. The Irish derive a very large proportion, or 44.9 per cent of their total income, from the contributions of children. As contrasted with this proportion of income shown by the Irish, the proportions shown by the other races are extremely low, the Servians deriving no income from this source. Only 1.3 per cent of the total income of the Irish families is derived from the payments of boarders or lodgers, as compared with 54.7 per cent of the income of the Roumanian families. As regards the proportion of total income derived from other sources, the Slovaks show the largest, or 7 per cent, while the smallest proportion, or 0.2 per cent, derived from this source is shown by the Roumanians.

CHAPTER IV.

WORKING CONDITIONS.

Hours worked per day and per week-Regularity of work-The immigrant and organized labor--Reasons for the employment of immigrants-[Text Tables 195 and 196 and General Table 82].

HOURS WORKED PER DAY AND PER WEEK.

The usual number of hours worked per day and per week in the various departments of the steel plants in the Pittsburg district may be briefly stated as follows: Blast furnaces, twelve hours per day and seven days per week; unskilled or common labor, ten hours per day and six days per week; and all other departments, twelve hours per day and six days per week. Detailed discussion, as well as a presentation of hours of work by occupation, may be found in the material descriptive of working conditions of the representative communities which follow."

REGULARITY OF WORK.

The following table shows months worked during the past year by males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and who were employed away from home. The presentation is by general nativity and race of individual:

TABLE 195.-Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]