RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

The following table shows the number and percentage of male employees of each race for whom information was secured:

TABLE 171.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and

From the data presented in the above table it appears that 61.5 per cent of the male employees for whom information was secured are foreign-born, 14.7 per cent native-born of foreign father, 22.8 per cent were whites, native-born of native father, and 1 per cent negroes native-born of native father. Employees whose fathers were born in Germany, Ireland, England, and Wales have, in the order mentioned, the largest representation among the native-born of foreign father. The principal foreign races are the Slovaks, Poles, Magyars, Germans, Croatians, English, and Irish, in the order mentioned.

METHODS EMPLOYED TO SECURE IMMIGRANT LABOR.

In the early history of steel plants in this section many employees were secured from the coal fields. This was especially true of the English and Welsh, who were largely employed as miners. In recent years, and since the more recent immigrants have been attracted to the steel plants, not so much trouble has been experienced in securing unskilled, or "common," laborers. The usual method of employing the more recent immigrants was, in the first instance, to send an agent of the company into localities in which a number of these people had settled. This is best illustrated by an incident occurring in 1881 at plant No. 5. Because of the inability of the officials at that time to secure a sufficient number of employees in this district, a foreman was sent to New York. This foreman secured 300 Magyars, the first of the more recent immigrants to be employed at this plant. Many employees of this and other races, after securing employment in a plant, write letters to their friends and relatives in their native country, setting forth the opportunities existing in this country. Naturally, a large number of these friends and relatives have entered this country, the large majority going direct to the locality from which their friends have written. This, of course, has done much toward solving the labor problem-for the employer. Another method very often followed is to enlist the aid of labor agents, while still another, and one that is very generally followed at this time, is to advertise in newspapers published in localities with a large immigrant population.

CHAPTER III.

ECONOMIC STATUS.

Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied-Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied-General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied-Status of the first and second generations compared-Weekly earnings-Relation between period of residence and earning ability-Annual earnings of male heads of families studied— Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Annual family income-Wives at work-Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied-Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-Sources of family income-Relative importance of the different sources of family income [Text Tables 172 to 194 and General Tables 69 to 81].

INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.

The tables submitted below show the general industrial condition and principal occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of their arrival in this country. The exhibit is by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 172.-Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

TABLE 173.-Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

74 70.3
48. 1

79.2

5.4
.0
.0

82.1

4000

6.8 0.0 1.4 0.0 13.5 11.1 .0 3.7 .0

14.8

16.2 0.0
33.3

16.7 4.2 .0 .0

20.8

.0 .0

.0 .0

.0

.0 2.3

.0

.0

.0

Total.

60.0 8.0 45.9 20.2 634 59.6 9.0

.0 5.1 .0 .0 .0 80.3 6.6 3.3 62.5 10.2 4.5 54.3 15.7 11.4 .0 1.4 31.9 2.1 8.5 .0 .0 46.3 7.3 9.8 .0 .0 .0 17.1 36.6 8.0 .0 .0 .0 16.0 20.0 .0 20.0 4.0 .0 4.0 16.5 1.8 .0 .0 38.5 13.8 .0 13.8 1.8 .0 1.8 9.3 .5 8 .5 20.0 18.1 .3 18.5 1.7 .2 1.9

19000000000

16.2 .0 33.3

0.0 0.0

.0 3.7 3.7

.0 .0 .0 .0

12.8

.0 .0

9.8 .0 .0 .0 13.6

6.8 .0

15.7 1.4 .0 1.4

55.3 2.1 .0 2.1

.0 36.6 .0 .0 .0

0.0

.0

6.8

Upon information secured from 634 females in the Pittsburg district, it will be seen that 59.6 per cent were without occupation before coming to the United States, as compared with 20 per cent who were working for wages, 18.5 per cent who were working without wages, and 1.9 per cent who were working for profit. Of those who were without occupation, the North Italians show the largest proportion, or 82.1 per cent, as compared with 31.9 per cent of the Roumanians, while the other races range from 80.3 per cent of the South Italians to 45.9 per cent of the Slovaks. Of those working for wages, the Slovaks exhibit the largest proportion. Twenty and twotenths per cent of this race were farm laborers, 16.5 per cent in domestic service, and 1.8 per cent employed as factory operatives, as contrasted with the North Italians, who show the smallest proportion, or 5.1 per cent, who were all in domestic service. Of those working without wages, each race, with the exception of the North Italians and Magyars, reports that the total number were employed as farm laborers, the percentages ranging from 55.3 of the Roumanians to zero per cent of the Irish. Of the races reporting a proportion working for profit, the total number, with the exception of the Germans, were engaged in farming, with proportions ranging from 6.8 per cent for the Magyars to 1.4 per cent for the Poles.

The tables next presented show the industrial condition and occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of arrival, by race of individual.