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but as the demand for additional men increased, their numbers. increased in proportion thereto. At present it may be safely stated that at least 60 per cent of the entire force is made up of the more recent immigrants. In the early stages of their arrival, no attempt was made to classify these foreigners by races, but as time wore on and it was seen that they were to prove in the future an important factor in the operation of the plant, the officials, recognizing the superiority of some over the others, began a racial classification. The organization of their societies and the building of churches made this task much easier for those interested. Another thing noticeable at this time was the desire, on the part of these employees, to seek work in departments where a large number of their own race were found. These facts, together with earlier and subsequent incidents in connection with these people, enable the officials to place the order of their arrival at this plant as follows: Slovaks, 1893-1895; Poles, 1897; Magyars, 1899-1902; Italians, 1899; Swedes, 1900; Croatians and Lithuanians, 1902. Where a period covering more than one year is given, the largest increase occurred nearer the latter part of said period. Here, as elsewhere, will be found a few representatives of many other races, but as they make up such a small per cent of the force, they have attracted very little attention. The first attempt on the part of those in authority to secure accurate information as to the racial make-up of the force was in 1904, when the employees numbered 2,800. The per cent of each race employed in that year follows:

American, 23.50; English, 3.04; Irish, 4.65; German, 3.64; Scotch, 1.56; Welsh, 1.19; Slovak, 23.42; Magyar, 14.25; Lithuanian, 3.94; Polish, 3.80; Swedish, 2.75; Croatian, 1.52; Belgian, Danish, Italian, Hebrew, Swiss, Finnish, and Russian combined, 12.74; total, 100.

Of this force 26 per cent of the Americans and 9 per cent each of Slovaks and Magyars are under 21 years of age, which shows that at this plant the second generation of these races are entering the mills.

In addition to the races mentioned above as being employed in 1904, a number of other races are represented here at present, but like the Belgians, Danes, Swiss, etc., they have never been considered a factor in the operation of the plant. The percentage of the several races employed in 1904 will hold good of the present force, estimated at 4,000, with the possible exception of the Swedes and Croatians, who are employed in slightly decreased numbers. The Slovaks, on the other hand, continue as the predominant race, with the Magyars second.

PLANT NO. 5.

Plant No. 5, located from 12 to 15 miles southeast of the urban center, on the opposite side of the river from plants Nos. 3 and 4, was erected in 1873, and began operations in 1875. Equipped with Bessemer steel converters, cupolas, metal mixers, pit furnaces, heating furnaces, rail mills, motor-driven roll trains, hot saws, and finishing machinery, this plant produces light and heavy Bessemer steel rails, billets, sheet bars; also iron and brass castings from foundries connected with the works. The annual capacity of the plant is 1,000,000 tons of steel ingots, 850,000 tons of light and heavy

steel rails, billets, and sheet bars, and 150,000 tons of iron and brass castings, including 136,000 tons of molds and stools.

Americans, English, Germans, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh were employed at this plant from the beginning of operations. Immediately afterwards the Swedes entered the plant, and at one time there were 300 employed. Their employment continued until about 1880, from which time they decreased in numbers until at present not over 75 are to be found in the entire plant. The arrival of the other races that have been, and are now, a factor in the operation of this plant may be stated as follows: Magyars and Poles, 1881; Slovaks, 1883–84; Italians, 1886-1890; and Roumanians, 1905.

The arrival of the Magyars is more firmly fixed in the minds of those conversant with the history of immigration to this plant than is the arrival of any other race, for the reason that an employee of the plant was sent to New York for the purpose of securing a number of laborers, the supply in this locality at the time being insufficient to meet the demand. It was this employee's original intention to secure Irish labor, but after a week's effort only two or three of that race would consent to enter the steel industry. As a last resort, he was compelled to employ 300 Magyars, the first of the more recent immigrant races to be employed. Small numbers of other races are also employed, but never having been a factor in the operation of this plant their coming and going has been of little moment to those in authority.

PLANT NO. 6.

Plant No. 6 is located nortwest of the urban center, from 60 to 70 miles distant, and began operations in 1901. Equipped with basic open-hearth steel furnaces, a metal mixer, soaking pits, a blooming mill, and a universal mill, this plant produces ingots, blooms, billets, skelp, and universal plates; also forging blooms and forging billets. It has an annual capacity of 480,000 tons of ingots, 300,000 tons of blooms and billets, and 120,000 tons of universal plates and skelp.

As this plant is of such recent origin, the more recent immigrants to this country became a factor in the operation of the same, as "common" laborers, from the beginning, or very soon thereafter. This is especially true of the Italians. At the time this plant began operations the Americans, Germans, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh here, as in most other plants throughout this region, were employed in the skilled occupations. Some of them were also employed as unskilled or common laborers along with the Italians and a few representatives of the other races, but with the Italians largely predominating, as the employment of the next foreign-born race did not occur until the following spring. Americans have always largely predominated as skilled employees, for the percentage of English, Germans, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh has never been very large at this plant. It is possible that quite a number of the second generation of these races were employed in the beginning and were classed as Americans by those in authority. The best information obtainable places the arrival of the more recent immigrant races as follows: Italians, 1901; Slovaks, 1902; Magyars and Roumanians, 1905; Croatians, 1906. The Poles have never been employed here in sufficient numbers to enable them to secure a foothold, and consequently have never become a factor in the operation of the plant. The same is true of

any number of races that have from one to ten representatives in this plant. As previously stated, the Italians were in a majority at the time this plant began operations, and continued as the predominant non-English-speaking race until 1905, when there was a very perceptible decrease in the number employed. On the other hand, there occurred a large increase on the part of the Slovaks, also of the Magyars and Roumanians, who were barely represented here until that time. From then until the present, Slovaks have been the predomi

nant race.

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.

The following table shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born male iron and steel workers who had been in the United States under one year, one year, two years, etc.:

TABLE 168.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of a total of 32,536 male employees in the iron and steel industry in the Pittsburg district 26.6 per cent have been in the United States from five to nine years, 17.5 per cent twenty years or over, 13.7 per cent two years, 10.8 per cent three years, 9.1 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 8.2 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, 8.1 per cent four years, 4.1 per cent one year, and 2 per cent under one year. 48296°- -VOL 8-11-17

The significant point to note in connection with the table is the fact that recent immigrants enter the steel mills immediately after their arrival in this country, 2 per cent of the employees having been in the United States less than one year.

The table next presented shows, by race, the per cent of foreignborn male iron and steel workers who had been in the United States each specified number of years, those with a residence less than five years being grouped into one period.

TABLE 169.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the total number of foreign-born male employees 38.6 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 26.6 per cent from five to nine years, 9.1 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 8.2 per cent fifteen to nineteen years, and 17.5 per cent twenty years or over. The Bulgarians, Roumanians, and Greeks are, in general, the most recent arrivals in this country. In addition, the greater proportion of the Russians, Ruthenians, Croatians, Servians, and Magyars have been here under five years. The majority of the French, Swedish, and Welsh have been in the United States fifteen years or over. The larger proportion of the Canadian other than French, English, German, Irish, and Scotch have been in this country at least twenty years.

The table which follows shows the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who had been in the United States each specified number of years, according to race of individual:

TABLE 170.—Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of years, by race of individual.

(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

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Of the 2,401 persons reporting complete data 54.1 per cent have been in the United States less than five years, 81 per cent less than ten years, and 93.5 per cent less than twenty years. There is wide variation among the specified races in the length of time they have been in this country. None of the Welsh have been here less than five years, only 7.4 per cent have been here under ten years, and 37 per cent under twenty years. No other race for which information is furnished approaches very closely to the length of residence of the Welsh. Only 8.5 per cent of the Bohemians and Moravians, however, and 12.2 per cent of the Irish have been in the United States under five years, and correspondingly small proportions of these races have been here under ten years and under twenty years. On the other hand, the Roumanians have the decidedly highest proportion of persons who have resided in the United States for a short period. Of that race 88.6 per cent have been in this country less than five years, and 100 per cent have been here under ten years. Recentness of arrival in this country is characteristic of the Servians also, 71.8 per cent of their number having been here under five years, 98.1 per cent under ten years, and 100 per cent under twenty years. The remaining races for which information is given tend to approach much more closely the short residence in the United States of the Roumanians and Servians than the comparatively long residence of the Welsh, Bohemians and Moravians, and the Irish. The result of this is that the figures for the total number of individuals show for the majority a residence in this country of less than five years.

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