TABLE 161.-Population of Allegheny, Pa., by country of birth, 1880, 1890, and 1900. [Compiled from the United States censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900. All nationalities with less than 10 persons reported in each of the three censuses are shown under "Other countries," "Asia (not specified)" or "Europe (not specified)."]

Additional light upon the racial movements to the iron and steel industry during the period 1880 to 1900, is afforded by the tables next submitted which show the number of native and foreign born, and the country of birth or the country of birth of the parents of the foreign-born iron and steel workers for the census periods 1880, 1890, and 1900.

TABLE 162.-Number of iron and steel workers in Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., by nativity, 1900.

[Compiled from the United States census report of 1900.]

TABLE 163.-Number of iron and steel workers in Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., by

nativity, 1890.

[Compiled from United States census report of 1890.]

7,521

3,103

256 1,869

111

10,624 367

862

2,731

TABLE 164.-Number of iron and steel workers in Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., by

nativity, 1880.

No figures showing even the country of birth of the foreign-born portions of the total population or of those employed in the iron and steel industry are to be had after 1900. It may be said, however, in general, that the movements which were in progress during the decade 1890 to 1900 have become stronger during the past ten years. The immigration of the Germans, English, Irish, Scotch, and Welsh has practically ceased, and small numbers of these races, as well as of Americans, as compared with former years, have sought employment in the furnaces and the iron and steel mills. On the other hand, immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, especially the Magyars, Slovaks, Poles, and Croatians, have in constantly increasing numbers entered the iron and steel industry.

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITIES.

In order that the racial movements throughout the district may be understood in their local significance the history of immigration to a number of representative iron and steel manufacturing communities therein is set forth below.

YOUNGSTOWN, OHIO.

This city was among the first in the country to engage in the iron industry, a charcoal furnace having been erected there in 1835. The life of the community at the present time depends primarily upon its iron and steel companies, which employ between 15,000 and 20,000

men.

The early settlers of the locality were from Pennsylvania, Connecticut, and Maryland, and the first immigrants were the English, Scotch, and Welsh, who were shortly followed by the Germans and Irish. The first three races because of training and experience abroad sought employment as skilled workmen, while the Germans and Irish at first entered the iron and steel industry as unskilled or common laborers. The immigrants from Great Britain and Germany practically constituted the source of labor supply for the community until 1890. About that time small numbers of the Slovaks, Italians, and Magyars began to arrive, and were soon followed by the Poles, who were employed in considerable numbers by the year 1898. Croatians and Swedes first made their appearance during the year 1900, and five years later Roumanians arrived. Bulgarians, Russians, Servians, Syrians, Armenians, and Bohemians, together with scattered representatives of other races, have entered the city during the past four years and have found employment as iron and steel workers. The general movements to the city during the period 1890 to 1900 may be seen from the following table showing the country of birth of the foreign-born population. As already stated, the table shows that large additions to the foreign-born population during the period 1890 to 1900 were received from Italy and Hungary, accompanied by a decrease in English, German, Welsh, and Irish immigration.

TABLE 165.-Population of Youngstown, by country of birth, 1890 and 1900.

[Compiled from the censuses of 1890 and 1900. All nationalities with less than 10 persons reported are shown in other countries, Asia (not specified), and Europe (not specified).]

The present population of Youngstown, by race, according to careful estimates, is shown in the following statement:

Present estimated population of Youngstown, by race..a

The original population of this city consisted of Americans, English, Germans, Irish, and Welsh. The arrival of the first race from southern and eastern Europe occurred in 1882, when Magyars secured employment in the local steel mills. With the exception of the Slovaks, who first entered the city in considerable numbers in 1886, no other races of southern and eastern Europe made an appearance until 1895 when the Poles began to settle in Homestead. Lithuanians and

a The estimate is based upon normal conditions. It is estimated that during the industrial depression of 1907 and 1908 about 5,500 wage-earners left the community because of the curtailment of work.

Italians followed the Poles about 1897, and Russians and Croatians came in 1899, and Roumanians in 1903. Small numbers of Bohemians and Scandinavians have been residing in the city for a number of years, and unimportant numbers of Ruthenians, Servians, Greeks, and other races of the south and east of Europe have arrived since 1900.

BESSEMER, PA.

Americans, English, Irish, Germans, Scotch, and Welsh have resided in this community, which is about 15 miles southeast of Pittsburg proper, since it became a steel manufacturing locality in the early seventies. About 1873 Swedes sought work in the town in considerable numbers, but after 1880 the immigration of that race practically stopped, and the Swedish element in the population at present is of no consequence. After 1880 the steel mills of the city found it impossible to secure a sufficient number of Americans and older immigrants, and Magyars and Poles were brought into the mills. Slovaks entered the community in large numbers two years later, and were followed by the Italians in 1886. The immigration of the above-mentioned races steadily increased up to 1900 and was attended by an influx of other races from southern and eastern Europe. The only other race, however, to enter the community in considerable numbers was the Roumanian, which first came in the year 1905.

CLAIRTON, PA.

This city affords an interesting illustration of a community which has grown up within recent years in connection with the iron and steel industry, the locality having become an industrial one since 1900. The Americans, English, Irish, Scotch, Germans, and Welsh, who constitute the skilled forces of the local steel manufacturing establishments, form the smallest portion of the population. The people of southern and eastern Europe have in the city representatives of 27 races, the most important numerically being the Magyars, Slovaks, and Croatians. All three of these races have been in the community since 1902. The Italians, who are next in point of numbers, first came in 1903. The other races of recent immigration, who are comparatively few in numbers, have all entered the community during the past seven years.

JOHNSTOWN, PA.

Johnstown may be presented as typical of the movements which have prevailed to the east of Pittsburg proper. This city, which lies at the foot of the Alleghanies, 76 miles from Pittsburg, is, as a matter of fact, the farthest east of any community in the territory which has been designated as the Pittsburg district. The growth in the population of the city has, as in many other localities, followed the development of the iron and steel industry and bituminous coal mining.

Before the year 1842 Johnstown was a small town, with a total population of only 2,000. In 1840 iron ore was discovered on the outskirts of the community, and two years later several iron furnaces