The table next presented shows the sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household:

TABLE 157.-Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.

In the following table the 2,233 persons in the preceding table are classified by general nativity and race of individual.

TABLE 158.-Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

The table next presented shows the iron and steel workers of each race for whom information was secured.

TABLE 159.--Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration to the Pittsburg district-History of immigration to representative communities-History of immigration to representative iron and steel establishments-Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and members of their households-Racial classification of employees at the present time-Methods employed to secure immigrant labor-[Text Tables 160 to 171 and General Tables 67 and 68].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE PITTSBURG DISTRICT.

The racial movements to the Pittsburg district during the past thirty years correspond roughly to the periods during which the races of recent immigration have been coming to the United States for the reason that the labor forces for the furnaces, mills, and mines have been recruited from representatives of practically all the races which have immigrated to this country since the year 1880. Prior to that year, although a few Poles, Bohemians, Italians, and other persons born in Austria-Hungary were employed in connection with the iron and steel industry, almost all of the employees were either Americans or immigrants from Great Britain and northern and western Europe. During the period 1880 to 1890, however, an influx of races from southern and eastern Europe began and steadily increased during the period 1890 to 1900. The immigration of English, Irish, Scotch, Welsh, and Germans increased during the period 1880 to 1890, but after the year 1890 the immigration of these races began to decline and by 1900 a considerably smaller number, with the exception of the Scotch, was employed as iron and steel workers. Slovaks, Magyars, Italians, Croatians, Poles, Russians, and other races of southern and eastern Europe were secured to satisfy the constantly growing needs of the iron and steel industry and the older immigrants from Great Britain and northern Europe both in absolute and relative numbers became a less important part of the operating forces. No statistics showing the racial composition of the iron and steel workers are available for the period under discussion, but the returns of the federal census of the past three decades, showing the country of birth of the foreign-born elements in the population of Pittsburg and the neighboring city of Allegheny, furnish an interesting insight into the racial movements which were in progress. The two following tables make this exhibit.

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TABLE 160.-Population of Pittsburg, Pa., by country of birth, 1880, 1890, and 1900.

[Compiled from the United States censuses of 1880, 1890, and 1900. All nationalities with less than 10 persons reported in each of the three censuses are shown under "Other countries,” “Asia (not speci fied)" or "Europe (not specified)."]