As regards the literacy of the 65,109 male employees in the East for whom information was obtained, it will be seen that 90.5 per cent read, while only a slightly smaller proportion, or 89.3 per cent, both read and write. The foreign-born, it will be noted, show a considerably smaller proportion, while persons native-born of foreign father and the whites, native-born of native father, each show a considerably larger proportion who read and who both read and write than is shown in the total for all employees. The negroes, native born of native father, on the other hand, show a slightly larger proportion who can read and a slightly smaller proportion who can both read and write than is shown for all employees for whom information was obtained.

Among the foreign-born it will be noted that, of all races reporting, only two-the Canadian other than French and the Scotch-report their entire number as literate. Following the above races are the Finns, Swedes, Welsh, English, Germans, French, Dutch, Irish, and Magyars, each showing a proportion above 90 per cent with ability to read and both to read and write. In addition to the above are the Roumanians and Bulgarians, who show a proportion, with ability to read and both to read and write, in excess of that shown in the total for all foreign-born employees. The Slovaks, it will be noted, report a proportion with ability to read identical with, and a proportion with ability to read and write slightly below, that indicated in the total for all foreign-born. Of the employees reporting proportions below those shown in the total for all foreign-born, the Slovenians, with 82.5 per cent, have the largest proportion who read, and with 79.5 per cent, have, next to the Slovaks, the largest proportion with ability both to read and write. The lowest proportion having ability to read and both to read and write, on the other hand, is reported by the Macedonians, 62.5 per cent can read and 58.3 per cent of their number can both read and write.

As regards persons native-born of foreign father, it will be noted that there are none unable to read among those whose fathers were born in Canada, France, Scotland, Sweden, and Switzerland, and only a very small per cent among those whose fathers were born in the other countries, those whose fathers were born in Russia showing the smallest proportions with ability to read and both to read and write, or 96.8 and 95.7 per cent, respectively.

CONJUGAL CONDITION.

The conjugal condition of the foreign-born iron and steel workers is important in its bearing upon the subject of permanent settlement. In this connection the following table shows, by general nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition:

TABLE 144.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

Of the male employees 20 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 67.4 per cent are married and 2.2 per cent are widowed. The proportion of married employees is largest for the whites, native-born of native father, second for the foreign-born, and considerably larger for the negroes, native-born of native father, than for the native-born of foreign father. The proportion of widowed employees is largest for the negroes, native-born of native father,

second for the employees native-born of foreign father, and larger for the whites, native-born of native father, than for the foreign-born. Of the foreign-born, the Germans have the largest, Welsh, Slovaks, English, and Dutch, in the order mentioned, and the Greeks, Macedonians, and Lithuanians the smallest proportion of married employees. The Irish, Welsh, Dutch, Canadians other than French, and English, in the order mentioned, show the largest proportion of employees who are widowed.

The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of male employees in each conjugal condition by age groups, and includes only races having a representation of 100 or more males, while the table last discussed included the races which had 40 or more males furnishing information:

TABLE 145.-Per cent of male employees in each conjugal condition, by age groups and by general nativity and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 100 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]

96 56.3 41.7 2.1

41 56.1 43.9 .0 2,081 62.7 37. 1 .2 429 56.6 42.2 1.2 95 51.6 48.4 .0

French..

37 51.4 48.6

.0

German..

811 46. 752.9

.4

Greek..

190 82. 1 17.9

.0

Irish..

372 71.0 28.5

.5

Italian, North..

489 62. 4 37. 2

.4

Italian, South.

Lithuanian..
Magyar..
Polish..

68 13.285.3 1.5 68 14.7 80.9 4.4 1,093 11.286.7 2.1 892 12.9 84.4 2.7 61 16.4 77.0 6.6 42 9.5 88.1 2.4 1,296 10.087.6 2.4 109 22.0 77.1| .9 948 19.0 78.0 3.1 355 12.1 86.5 1.4 488 9.0 89.8 1.2 315 29.8 68.6 1.6 1,878 4.8 93.7 1.5 1,824 11.5 87.0 1.5 277 9.4 88.4 2.2 362 9.9 89.2 .8 216 13.0 82.9 4.2 272 11.8 87.1 1.1 3,586 3.895.0 1.2 355 54.9 45. 1 .0 296 9.5 89.2 1.4 145 60. 7 39.3 .0 243 17.7 79.0 3.3 196 54.6 43.9 1.5 481 11.9 84.4 3.7 .4 24.506 11.6 86.2 2.2

Grand total..

Total native-born of for

.0 83.3 16.7 34 5.9 85.3 8.8 117 4.3 90.6 5.1 573 3.7 87.8 8.6 4 (a) (a) (a) 30 6.7 86.7 6.7 1,116 3.0 89.4 7.5 22 4.5 95.5 .0 770 7.5 80.4 12. 1 57 5.387.7 7.0 80 7.5 88.8 3.8 49 4.187.8 8.2 273 1.892.3 5.9 383 2.196. 1 1.8 42 2.492.9 4.8 28 3.692.9 3.6 160 4.4 88.8 6.9

140 70.7 29. 3 .0 1,126 36.4 61.7 1.9 137 24.8 73.7 1.5 2,757 32. 464.8 2.8 2, 263 41.854.8 3.4

355 37.7 59.4 2.8 607 35.1 62.9 2.0

176 35.8 61.4 2.8

143 24.5 71.3 4.2 3,291 43.555.5 1.0 1,894 20.0 75.9 4.1 160 36.9 60.6 2.5 109 22.9 74.3 2.8 3,223 16.8 79.5 3.7

321 56.4 43. 3 .3 2,090 24.0 70.0 5.9

901 39.0 59.8 1.2 1,248 37.9 61.3 .8

752 49.6 49.1 1.3 4,119 26.0 72.7 1.3 4, 757 38.061.2 .8 835 48.3 50.5 1.2 948 35.5 63.6 .8 517 24.2 71.8 4.1

903 45.6 53.3 1.1 8, 199 22. 776.3 1.0

29 6.9 82.8 10.3 586 2.0 93.5 4.4 51 3.9 94.1 2.0 702 32.1 67.2 .7 90 10.0 82.2 7.8 478 29.3 67.6 3.1 328 3.4 87.2 9.5 1,005 17.477.4 5.2 8,631 4.6 87.9 7.560. 332 30.4 67.4 2.2

.6 3,029 19.277.8 2.9 1,221 7.784.5 7.8 7,685 37.659.8 2.7 .6 9,033 14.7 82.5 2.7 3,700 5.5 86.8 7.7 22, 751 31.266.2 2.6 17, 177 55.644.0 .315,473 9.888.4 1.8 4,931 4.088.7 7.337,581 30.0 68.2 1.9

a Not computed, owing to small number involved.

Native-born of native father:

White....
Negro...

Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Austria-Hungary.
England...
France..

Germany.

Ireland..

Scotland.
Wales..

Foreign-born, by race: Bohemian and Moravian....

132 75.0 25.0

27007

387 19.9 75.7 4.4

111 12.6 73.0 14.4

357 28.0 69.6 2.5

709 28.3 66.4 5.2

135 15.6 80.7 3.7
250 14.4 84.0 1.6

12

The preceding table includes 60,332 male employees, 20 years of age or over, 30.4 per cent of whom are single and 2.2 per cent of whom are widowed. The Greek and Lithuanian are the only races among the foreign-born which have a larger proportion single than married.

A comparison between the totals of the different age groups indicates that the proportion of employees who are single decreases and the proportion who are married, as well as the proportion who are widowed, increases in passing from the age group 20 to 29 years to the age group 30 to 44 years, as well as in passing from the age group 30 to 44 years to the age group 45 years of age or over. With a few slight exceptions, the same general comparison will apply to each race in the table.

The tendency on the part of foreign-born married males to leave their wives abroad when immigrating to the United States is shown in the following table, which presents, by race of husband, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and the percentage who report wife abroad. A high percentage of married employees of foreign birth without their wives is significant for the reason that they are free to move from place to place, and because they can adopt the same method and standard of living as single men.

TABLE 146.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreignborn.]

Upon information obtained for 25,062 foreign-born husbands it will be noted that 69.3 per cent report wife in the United States, while 30.7 per cent report wife abroad.

48296°-VOL 8-11-15

The Canadians other than French show the largest proportion of husbands who report wife in the United States, or 99 per cent, and consequently the lowest proportion, or 1 per cent, who report wife abroad. Closely following the Canadians other than French are the Welsh, Irish, English, Swedes, French, Scotch, Finns, and Germans, in the order named, over 90 per cent of the husbands of each race reporting wife in the United States. The Roumanians report but 25 per cent of their husbands as having wife in the United States. Among all foreign-born husbands the lowest proportion having wife in the United States, or 8.3 per cent, is shown by the Bulgarians.

The tendency on the part of married employees of foreign birth with wives abroad to send for their wives after a period of residence in the United States is considered in the following table, which shows, according to race of husband and years husband has been in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad:

TABLE 147.-Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]

Although the differences between the older and more recent immigrant races are less marked in one than in another period of residence, the same dissimilarity regarding the low proportions of the older, as compared with the more recent immigrant races shown in the totals, is to be found in each period of residence. As regards those husbands of the more recent immigrant races, who have been in the United States under five years and who report wife abroad, it will be noted that the proportions range from 87.8 per cent of the Greeks to 46.1 per cent of the Lithuanians, while the proportions of the older immigrant races range from 39.9 per cent of the Germans to 16.7 per cent of the Swedes. Of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years, the