workers the largest number were from Ireland; Great Britain ranked second and Germany third. The representation of the other foreign countries specified, Sweden and Norway and British America, was very small. In the light of later developments it is a significant fact that the proportion of workers from "Other countries" was then only little over 1 per cent of the total. In New York the proportion of foreign-born employees was considerably larger than in Pennsylvania. Of 16,261 employees, 5,866 were foreign-born persons of Irish, German, and British nativity having in the order mentioned the largest representation. As in Pennsylvania, the proportion of workers from Sweden and Norway and from "Other countries" was very small, but the proportion of workers from British America, doubtless owing to the proximity of the Canadian border, was considerably larger than in Pennsylvania. The table shows very clearly that in 1880 the employment of southern and eastern Europeans in the iron and steel industry had hardly begun.

During the following decade there was no great change in the character of the labor employed. There was great expansion of the industry both in New York and in Pennsylvania, the number of employees in the latter State being almost twice as great in 1890 as in 1880. Natives of Ireland, Great Britain, and Germany still had the largest representation, but it will be noted that in Pennsylvania 3,350 employees were classified under the caption "Other countries." The census of 1900 shows a further increase in the total number of employees both in New York and in Pennsylvania. The figures of this census show that a considerable proportion of all the workers in both States were of Austro-Hungarian or of Polish parentage. As few, if any, Poles or Austro-Hungarians had, in 1900, been in the United States long enough to rear adult children, the figures undoubtedly represent persons of actual Polish or Austro-Hungarian birth. While a great many persons of Irish, British, and German parentage were reported in the census of 1900, large percentages of these were doubtless native-born. The employment of recent immigrants in the iron and steel industry in the East, therefore, seems to have attained large proportions during the period 1890 to 1900 and to have been general in 1900. During the past ten years the number of employees of this class has constantly increased. After 1890 the immigration of races from Great Britain and northern Europe to the iron and steel industry rapidly declined as compared with former years, and during the last fifteen years the larger part of the necessary labor supply has been recruited from recent immigrants from southern and eastern Europe."

PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN

EMPLOYEES.

An instructive insight into the racial movements in the territory east of the Ohio and north of the Potomac may be had from the two following tables, which show, by race, the percentage of foreign-born

A detailed account of the movement of the various races of the old immigration, and the immigration to western Pennsylvania, may be found in the Pittsburg district, Chapter II, and in Chapter II of Communities A and B of the Pittsburg district; the racial movements to eastern Pennsylvania may be found in Community C, Chapter II, and to New York in Community D, Chapter II.

male employees in the United States each specified number of years. The first table separates the group with a residence under five years into shorter periods, and the second table combines these shorter periods. Of course, the period of residence in the United States may not be the period of residence in the locality in which the employee is situated at the time of furnishing information, but the difference between the two periods is so small that for the purposes under discussion it may be neglected.

TABLE 135.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

Of the foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured 2.2 per cent have been in the United States under one year, 4.7 per cent from one to two years, 14.1 per cent from two to three years, 11.5 per cent from three to four years, and 8.2 per cent from four to five years. The proportion of employees who have been in the United States under one year is greatest for the Ruthenians, Macedonians, Roumanians, Greeks, and Dutch, in the order mentioned; of those who have been here from one to two years it is largest for the Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Roumanians, in the order mentioned, and the percentage of employees who have been in this country from two to three years is highest for the Roumanians, Bulgarians, Greeks, and Macedonians, in the order named. The Croatians, Roumanians, Bohemians and Moravians, Greeks, Hebrews, other than Russian, and

Russians have the largest proportion of employees who have been in the United States from three to four years, and the Slovenians, South Italians, and Croatians the largest proportion of employees who have been here from four to five years. This showing is significant also because it indicates that representatives of the races mentioned above, a very small proportion of whom have had any experience or training in iron and steel manufacturing while abroad, enter the steel mills and blast furnaces immediately upon their arrival in this country.

The relative proportions of the several races in the more extended residence groups are shown in the table next presented:

TABLE 136.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified number of years, by race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]

From the data presented in the above table it appears that of the foreign-born male employees for whom information was secured 40.7 per cent have been in the United States under five years, 26.1 per cent from five to nine years, 8.4 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 7.9 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 16.9 per cent twenty years or over. The proportion of employees who have been in the United States under five years is largest for the Macedonians, Bulgarians, Roumanians, and Greeks, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Welsh and Irish. The proportion who have been in the United States from five to nine years is largest for the Finns, Bohemians and Moravians, and North Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Macedonians, Welsh, English, and Bulgarians.

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The Welsh have by far the largest proportion of individuals who have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years; the Swedes, French, Welsh, and Canadians other than French, in the order mentioned, the largest proportion who have been here from fifteen to nineteen years, and the Irish, English, Scotch, and Canadians other than French, in the order named, the largest proportion of individuals who have been in this country twenty years or longer.

RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.

Detailed information, as already explained, was secured from 65,711 iron and steel workers in the East, and this number is sufficiently large as compared with the total number employed in the territory. The following table therefore, showing the number and percentage of male employees of each race from whom information was secured, is considered to be representative of the racial composition of the operating forces of the industry in the eastern section of the country.

TABLE 137.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race.

In the East a proportion of about one-fourth, or 24.8 per cent, of the iron and steel workers are white employees native-born of native father and only 1.1 per cent are native negroes. On the other hand, 14.3 per cent are native-born of foreign father composed principally of males whose fathers were born in Germany, Ireland, England, and Wales. The foreign-born employees make up about three-fifths of the total, or 59.8 per cent. Among the iron and steel workers of foreign birth the Slovaks appear in the largest proportions, followed by the Poles, Magyars, Croatians, Germans, Irish, and English, in the order named.