material dealing with the economic effects of immigration and the general effects of recent and past immigration upon American life and institutions. The localities were selected with great care, and the results of the studies are believed to be representative of conditions throughout the entire Eastern territory. The general survey of the East is mainly statistical and is limited to an exhibit of the salient facts in connection with the iron and steel workers of foreign birth for whom detailed information was secured.

EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.

Detailed information was secured for a total of 65,711 iron and steel workers in representative establishments in all sections of the East. These data furnish the basis for the tabulations presented in the general survey of the Eastern territory. The following table and chart show, by general nativity and race of individual, the male employees for whom information was secured:

TABLE 131.-Male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race.

Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity and race. [This chart shows only races represented by 500 or more employees.]

CHAPTER II.

RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.

History of immigration to the East-Period of residence in the United States of foreignborn employees-Racial classification of employees at the present time [Text Tables 132 to 137 and General Table 52].

HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE EAST.

No data showing by race the history of immigration to the iron and steel industry in the East are available. The reports of the United States Census supply, however, information as to the composition of the working force in the years 1880, 1890, and 1900, which indicates in a general way the relation of immigration to the industry. These tables, which exhibit the country of birth of iron and steel workers, or of their parents, are submitted below:

TABLE 132.-Number of iron and steel workers in the East, by nativity and State, 1900. [Compiled from United States Census Report, 1900.@]

eign parentage.. Persons of native parentage....

The classification of workers in the preceding table is different for each census period. In the Census Report of 1880 data are presented as to country of birth of the employees, both race and parentage being disregarded, while the Census of 1890 indicates country of birth, and, in addition, the general parentage of the native-born whites. On the other hand, in the Census of 1900, the methods of presentation of both the preceding Censuses have been abandoned and the workers have been classified according to general nativity, color, and country of birth of parents. Because of this difference in classification it is impossible to make an exact comparison between the returns for the several periods, but country of birth of parents, in connection with the figures showing the number of native whites of foreign parentage, doubtless Indicates origin with a precision sufficient for the purposes of a general study. It will be noted, further, that none of the countries of southern or eastern Europe are included in the classification of the Censuses of "Other countries. 1860 and 1890, any employees born in the countries referred to being classified under the caption This table does not include the small number of females employed in unimportant positions in connection with the iron and steel manufacturing industry.

TABLE 133.-Number of iron and steel workers in the East, by nativity and State, 1890.

[Compiled from United States Census Report, 1890.a]

a The classification of workers in the preceding table is different for each census period. In the Census Report of 1880 data are presented as to country of birth of the employees, both race and parentage being disregarded, while the Census of 1890 indicates country of birth, and, in addition, the general parentage of the native-born whites. On the other hand, in the Census of 1900, the methods of presentation of both the preceding Censuses have been abandoned and the workers have been classified according to general nativity, color, and country of birth of parents. Because of this difference in classification it is impossible to make an exact comparison between the returns for the several periods, but country of birth of parents, in connection with the figures showing the number of native whites of foreign parentage, doubtless indicates origin with a precision sufficient for the purposes of a general study. It will be noted, further, that none of the countries of southern or eastern Europe are included in the classification of the Censuses of 1880 and 1890, any employees born in the countries referred to being classified under the caption "Other countries."

TABLE 134.-Number of iron and steel workers in the East, by nativity and State, 1880. [Compiled from United States Census Report, 1880.@]

It appears from the foregoing tables that the number of men employed in the industry at the time of taking each of the three censuses was much larger in Pennsylvania and in New York than in any of the other Eastern States. As the composition of the working force in New York and Pennsylvania from the standpoint of race and nativity therefore is representative of conditions throughout the East, these two States have been selected for presentation. Pennsylvania had in 1880, 33,628 iron and steel workers, and of these about two-thirds were of native birth. Of the foreign-born