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This table shows the per cent of foreign-born male employees who are able to speak English, by years in the United States and race.

TABLE 130.-Per cent of foreign-born male employees who speak English, by years in the United States and race.

(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)

[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all nonEnglish-speaking races.]

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A slight majority of the total number of 42,117 males studied are able to speak English, a statement which is also true of those males who have been five to nine years in the United States. The greater proportion of those less than five years in this country are not able to speak English. Of those less than five years in the United States, a slight majority of the Bohemians and Moravians, and a very large proportion of the Swedes, are able to speak English. Large proportions of the employees of the other races are not able to use the language, the largest proportion being shown by the Macedonians. Greatly increased proportions of the races in the five to nine year group speak English as compared with those of a residence under five years, almost one-half of the Poles and Slovenians, and the majority of each of the other races so reporting. All of the Roumanians and practically all of the Swedes, French, and Germans ten years or longer in the United States, as well as the greater number of each of the other races, are able to speak English.

PART II.-THE IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

IN THE EAST.

187

PART II.-THE IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN

THE EAST.

GENERAL SURVEY.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTION.

Method of collecting and presenting data-Employees for whom information was secured [Text Table 131 and General Table 51].

METHOD OF COLLECTING AND PRESENTING DATA.

The term "East" for the purposes of this report means in general the territory north of the Potomac and east of the Ohio rivers. Emphasis is laid upon the States of West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and New York, for the reason that they include the greatest proportion of the iron and steel mills and blast furnaces. The returns from the industry in Maryland are shown with the South.

In preparing the material, the above-described territory has been subdivided into localities, of which the principal is the Pittsburg district. This section not only includes the city of Pittsburg proper but the entire territory, extending as far north as Sharon, Pa., to the east as far as Johnstown, to Youngstown, Ohio, on the west, and to Wheeling and Morgantown, W. Va., on the south. Within this territory, which forms for all industrial purposes practically a unit and which has been arbitrarily designated as the Pittsburg district, two representative communities, which are called Communities A and B, have been selected for more detailed treatment than it was found possible to give to the Pittsburg district as a whole. The two other communities in the East, which are presented as representative of conditions, are Community C, of eastern Pennsylvania, and Community D, of the State of New York. The arrangement of the material for the East may therefore, for the purpose of clearness, be outlined as follows:

A. The iron and steel manufacturing industry in the East.

General survey.

I. The Pittsburg district.

(1) Community A.

(2) Community B.

II. Other sections of the East.

(1) Community C, eastern Pennsylvania.

(2) Community D, New York.

A total of 1,583 households were studied in the East, and the data thus obtained have been tabulated and appear in the reports on the various communities. The community studies also contain detailed

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