The following table shows the per cent of male employees who read, by locality and by general nativity and race: TABLE 98.-Per cent of male employees who read, by locality and by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] The grand total of the foregoing table shows that a larger proportion, or 90.5 per cent, of the persons can read who are employed in the eastern localities than in any of the others. The next largest proportion is for the Middle West, the South showing the lowest degree of literacy. In each locality the foreign-born employees have a much smaller proportion with ability to read than those who were native-born of foreign father. In the South it is the illiteracy of foreign-born employees that keeps the grand total of literates for the entire locality from being larger, for the percentage of persons native-born of foreign father in that locality who can read is only slightly smaller than the proportion for other localities. Of the foreign-born in the East, all of the Canadians other than French and all of the Scotch can read. The English, Finns, Germans, Irish, Magyars, Swedes, and Welsh each show a proportion that is in excess of 90 per cent. The Macedonians have the smallest proportion of persons in the East who can read. In the Middle West all of the Canadians other than French, Scotch, and Swedes are literate. In that locality the Croatians show the lowest degree of literacy. The English, Scotch, and Swedes in the South report 100 per cent who can read, and the South Italians show the smallest proportion of literate persons. The following table shows, by locality, sex, and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied who were 10 years of age or over and who can read: TABLE 99.-Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read, by locality, by sex, and by general nativity and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting in each of two or more localities. The totals, however, are for all races.] a Community A and Community B are included in the Pittsburg district. The grand total of the foregoing table shows that only a slightly smaller proportion of females than of males in the households studied could read. Of the males, the greatest proportion able to read is found in Community D in the East. The smallest proportion, or 67.6 per cent, is found in the South. Of the females studied, the greatest proportion able to read is in the Middle West and the second largest in Community C in Pennsylvania. As in the case of the males, the females in the South show a smaller proportion of persons with ability to read than in any of the other localities. The whites, male and female of native birth and of native father, report a smaller proportion of persons who can read in the South than in any of the other localities in which these nativity groups appear. The native-born Irish males of foreign father show in both communities in which they appear, a proportion of 100 per cent, and of the females the proportions are, in each case, more than 95 per cent who were literate. Of the North Italian males studied in the South 81.6 per cent can read, as compared with 69 per cent in the Pittsburg district of the East, and of the South Italians, 40.2 per cent in the South and 54.2 per cent in the Pittsburg district can read. The Magyar males make the best showing in the Middle West and the Bulgarians in the South. Of the foreign-born females the Magyars present the best comparison. The highest percentage reported for that race is 94.9 in Community C, representing the East, while the Middle West, with 92.6 per cent closely follows. Magyar females. are not reported in the South. In the industry as a whole the study of females shows that the Germans, with 97.5 per cent able to read, lead and are followed closely by the Irish, who show 95.5 per cent. The following table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write by years in the United States and race of individual: TABLE 100.-Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read, and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] The foreign-born persons whose residence in the United States has been for ten or more years show a larger proportion who can read and who can read and write than do those whose residence here has been under five years or from five to nine years. Considering those whose residence in this country has been for less than five years, all of the Bohemians and Moravians, English and Scotch can both read and write; more than 90 per cent each of the French and Germans also can read, and the Ruthenians, of whom only 28.6 per cent can read, show the smallest proportion. Of those whose residence_in this country has been for from five to nine years, all of the Bohemians and Moravians and Scotch can read and write, while the South Italians, of this period of residence, show the smallest proportion of persons who can read and who can read and write. Of those whose residence in the United States has been for ten or more years, over 90 per cent each of the Bohemians and Moravians, English, Irish, and Scotch can read and write, and more than 90 per cent of the Slovenians can read. In this residence period the South Italians again exhibit the smallest proportion who can read or who can read and write. The following table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over in the households studied who read and the percentage who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual: TABLE 101.--Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual. (STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.] Ability to read and write or to read only is more general among those of the foreign-born who came to the United States when they were under 14 years of age than among those who were 14 or over at the time of their arrival. This is usually true of the specified races, but the Germans, Magyars, Ruthenians, Scotch, and Slovenians as compared with other races have a greater number literate among those who were 14 or over at the time of coming. Of the Ruthenians, none can read among those who were under 14 years of age at the time of their arrival in this country, and only 39.3 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over. The proportions of this race that can read and write are the same as for those who can read. Among the South Italians, 51.5 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age when they came to the United States can read, and 36.9 per cent of those who were 14 or over, and similar proportions can read and write. CONJUGAL CONDITION. The following table shows the percentage of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race: TABLE 102.-Per cent of male employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by general nativity and race. (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.) [This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.] |