9. Reaffirmation of the support of the association for the Teague bill to extending educational benefits to men serving in the Armed Forces of the United States until the expiration of the Selective Service Act;

10. Approval of Murray-Metcalf bill to provide Federal assistance for public education in the States;

11. Federal matching funds for State studies leading to the development of plans for a balanced efficient system of higher education;

12. Disapproval of Federal support for college or university extension programs prior to the establishment of complete well-balanced State plans for the development of higher education.

In conclusion, I offer to your organization the services of the American Association of Junior Colleges in providing data concerning junior colleges of the country and in expressing the views of these institutions. As stated earlier, these colleges are of many sizes and kinds and have different problems. All of the recommendations listed above do not receive the unanimous endorsement of all of the junior colleges of the country; however, they have been adopted by a commission of 16, the members of which represent the major kinds of private and public junior colleges in the country. They were adopted after careful and serious consideration and are offered as sincere recommendations for the betterment of the young people of America who attend these institutions. Our concern is for the welfare of this great country and for the preservation of the basic ideals that we call American democracy.

The association is pleased to have had the opportunity to express these views today.

Mr. SKAGGS. We know that many classrooms, laboratory, dining, and other facilities, as well as college housing units, will be needed. Another look at the record and the forecasts will show these facts.

We know that State after State, community after community, look to a more vigorous program of serving the educational needs of their people. Some of the States have conducted surveys of their respective resources and their needs. In practically every such instance recommendations have been made for the establishment of systems of junior and community colleges. I cite those of Washington, Ohio, North Dakota, Arizona, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts as examples. In California, Texas, Florida, and New York plans are being discussed to expand existing systems of junior and community colleges beyond their original projections. Throughout the Nation there are many communities giving organized voice to the hope of parents who are seeking opportunities in higher education for their children but who are completely frustrated by figures of mushrooming enrollments and rising costs. I would like to attach to my statement copies of news clippings and articles reflecting a keen awareness that the community college can provide sound opportunities for higher education now being sought by so many more people than ever before. Senator MURRAY. That may be done.

(The newspaper clippings and articles follow :)

[From the Bismarck (N. Dak.) Tribune, June 14, 1958]

MINNESOTA'S JUNIOR COLLEGES

A Minnesota study report suggesting 32 regional junior colleges for that State should be of some interest to North Dakota educators, inasmuch as demands for better distribution of higher education facilities in this State have been increasing.

The Minnesota study spells out in detail national and State needs for more higher education and concludes that a better system of 2-year junior (or community) colleges could do much to make the advantages of college available to more Minnesota youth.

Among other things, it is recommended that Minnesota be divided into 32 junior college districts, each with a population of at least 35,000 and assessed property valuations of $15 million. Campuses separate from high schools are recommended.

Once the entire system was in operation, the report states, it would mean that higher education would be within commuting distance of almost all areas of the State.

Minnesota, of course, already has several more community junior colleges than has North Dakota, nine in all as compared to only two in North Dakota, those being at Bismarck and Devils Lake. For all practical purposes, some State schools could be considered junior colleges, since they offer only 2-year courses. The regional college idea has good possibilities for North Dakota.

Bismarck Junior College already serves young men and women from a severalcounty area, but for its tax support it depends exclusively upon Bismarck's tax base. This community more than meets the minimums specified for a Minnesota regional junior college.

Williston is seeking a State-supported junior college, or branch of an existing State school, an idea that was previously advanced in Bismarck.

Minnesota is making a positive approach to its college problem, and apparently recognizes the community junior college as an important part of the answer. A good deal of what is true in that State would apply equally well in North Dakota.

[From the Hereford (Tex.) Brand, Jan. 25, 1959]

DO WE NEED A JUNIOR COLLEGE?

Hereford once boasted a college, but its life and service were brief. Today we are blessed with the resources of West Texas State College at Canyon, which is within commuting distance of the people of this area.

Nevertheless, there is much to be said in behalf of the number of junior colleges which are now sprouting up across the Nation. These junior colleges, located like high schools, are giving thousands of boys and girls a chance to continue their education who otherwise would find college attendance impossible. Adult night classes are also being swamped. Levelland, for instance, has recently completed a college program which is proving popular; hundreds of other towns, especially in the East, are establishing junior colleges on county and city levels. Amarillo, for instance, has a growing junior college despite its proximity to Canyon.

The idea is not a new one, but it is definitely more practical today than ever before in our history. The junior college is one answer to crowded conditions in the larger schools, and it saves the citizens of the community thousands of dollars in the form of room and food costs for students who might attend classes in distant towns.

A college education is today more important than ever before in the lives of our future citizens. Changing conditions in the world have altered many things, and the junior college in the hometown is one of the things citizens of any growing community must consider and plan as part of the future American way of life. The town which fails to consider this phase is definitely asleep at the switchand Hereford is certainly no exception.

[From the Austin (Tex.) American]

RATIO RISES FOR JUNIOR COLLEGE ROLE

Growth of the public junior college has been the outstanding development in Texas this past decade. But apparently these 2-year institutions have not been established in Texas in numbers, nor have the Texas colleges grown proportionately with the rest of the country.

Leland L. Medsker, vice chairman of the University of California Center for the Study of Higher Education, has completed a survey of junior colleges, and his work is being published by McGraw-Hill Book Co. as part of the Carnegie Series in American Education.

Medsker found that almost one-third of all college freshmen enrolled in publicsupported colleges and universities over the Nation are now enrolled in the 2-year junior colleges.

That is much higher than the ratio in Texas. The difference may be accounted for by the fact that Texas has 18 widely scattered senior colleges and universities, and thus didn't leave as much room as is typical elsewhere for the community-type tax-supported, State-aid 2-year college.

Nationally, Medsker found that the public-supported junior colleges of the country constitute 59 percent of the total number of 2-year colleges, but that they have enrolled 90 percent of the national junior college student body.

Nationally, the writer found 667 public and private 2-year colleges in operation, and in general these institutions "have shown phenomenal growth in terms of importance to the total national educational picture, as well as in numbers."

Medsker found that only about one-third of all students enrolled in junior colleges go on to senior institutions for a degree, which itself seems to be a strong argument for the need of these schools for "terminal work."

Medsker found that two-thirds of the junior college students enroll in "transfer" programs contemplating transfer to senior institutions, while only one-third the total-half those who sign up for transfer-actually go on beyond the 2-year institution.

The research report found in general that the junior colleges recognize their dual task-terminal training of semiprofessional and skilled technicians for employment; and laying the groundwork for advanced education leading to a degree and that they achieve their goals with credit in both fields of effort.

[From the Dayton (Ohio) News]

OHIO SHOULD SPEED TREND TOWARD 2-YEAR COLLEGES

The rapid advance of publicly supported junior colleges in some States puts Ohio to shame.

The movement to provide 2-year community colleges was pioneered by California. It is being steadily expanded there. New York voted $250 million to add to its junior colleges. Maryland, Florida, Illinois, and South Carolina have similar programs in the works.

A recent survey pointed out that about 900,000 students are served by the 667 junior colleges in the country. Sixty percent of these institutions, handling 90 percent of the total junior college enrollment, are publicly supported.

The reasons for the growing popularity of these colleges are clear. They provide education at lower costs than do large colleges and universities. They open up new opportunities for adult education locally. Most important, they offer assurance that the big wave of high school graduates-expected to reach a peak in 1965-will not have to be turned down when they seek college studies. Ohio and Dayton should waste no time in designing and carrying out their own junior college programs.

[From the New York Times, June 5, 1960]

FIFTY-SEVEN PERCENT COLLEGE RISE SEEN-REPORT NOTES THAT FRESHMAN ROLLS WILL INCREASE BY 1965

WASHINGTON, June 4.-The possibility of a 57-percent increase in the number of entering college freshmen by 1965 was predicted in a report published today by the American Educational Research Association, a department of the National Education Association.

Since many educators doubt that colleges could expand sufficiently in that time to accommodate such an influx, it was suggested by some that greater selectivity would be the answer. Increased use of standardized tests and more reliance on specific personality patterns also were suggested.

It was predicted also that some colleges might set quotas for those with relatively low scholastic aptitudes on the theory that they were more capable than the tests show.

[From "Manpower, Challenge of the 1960's," published by the U.S. Department of Labor, James P. Mitchell, Secretary]

THE KINDS OF JOBS INDUSTRY WILL NEED WORKERS FOR ARE ALSO CHANGING AND THE BIGGEST INCREASES WILL OCCUR IN OCCUPATIONS REQUIRING THE MOST EDUCATION AND TRAINING

PROFESSIONAL, OFFICE, AND SALES JOBS WILL GROW THE FASTEST

During the past decade, professional, office, and sales workers as a group exceeded for the first time in our history the number of persons employed in manual occupations (skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled jobs).

During the coming decade, this trend will continue. The fastest growth will occur among professional and technical occupations, especially engineers, scientists and technicians.

Among the manual occupations, the need for skilled craftsmen will increase, but the number of unskilled jobs will stay about the same, continuing their longterm relative decline.

Average years of school completed of those working in 1959

These anticipated changes in employment in various occupation groups during the coming decade will result from several major causes:

The continuing shift from an agricultural economy to one that is predominantly industrial;

The rapid expansion in research and development activities;

The tremendously rapid increase in application of technological improvements;

The increasing size and complexity of business organization;

The widespread growth of recordkeeping among all types of enterprises;
The growing need for educational and medical services.

Mr. SKAGGS. We know that the development of community colleges can be accomplished in concert with the planned development of the institutions of higher education in the various States. In California, a master survey plan delineated the respective roles of the junior colleges, the State colleges and the State university. It is worthwhile to point out that the head of the study group was the president of a private institution.

We know that our Nation will need more and more technicians to serve with professional workers such as engineers, doctors, and scientists. Studies made by the U.S. Department of Labor point this out clearly. Industrial groups are alerting students to the opportunities available to technicians by the publication and distribution of pamphlets and brochures. Junior colleges are filling a vital role in supplying technician programs and this service must be increased and strengthened.

We know that the thirst for education is continuing beyond the years of formal schooling. Community colleges can and do serve adults in a variety of ways, with a broad range of educational offerings. Present enrollment figures show that for every full-time student enrolled in junior colleges there are two adults enrolled. The challenges to an educator in the area of continuing education are truly stimulating.

EFFORT NEEDED AT NATIONAL LEVEL

We know that the resources of our respective States cannot always be directed in sufficient flow to the educational needs of the people. In a society with high mobility the education of a citizen is of importance to the Nation as a whole. It is logical that efforts be made at the national level to spur the growth and development of our locally rooted institutions. Indeed, without such efforts and support we stand in danger of weakening those deep and sound roots.

It would not be difficult to paint a dark and gloomy picture facing American youth and their elders who will be looking to college for education for a rapidly changing world. I would prefer, however,