THE NEW YEAR BOOK A COMPENDIUM OF THE WORLD'S FOR THE YEAR 1910 EDITOR FRANK MOORE COLBY, M.A. ASSOCIATE EDITOR ALLEN LEON CHURCHILL NEW YORK DODD, MEAD AND COMPANY 1911 THE PLAN PREFACE The NEW INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK for 1910 is the fourth volume in the new series which began with the YEAR Book for 1907. Its scope, as remarked in the prefaces to preceding volumes, is more extensive than that of other annual publications. It is designed as an encyclopædia of the year. It contains a minimum amount of introductory matter that space may be gained for the treatment of subjects appropriate to the year itself. It consists of new articles, not of articles revised from year to year. It is not dependent on any other work of reference. In its eight hundred and odd pages, with about 1100 words to the page, it has been possible to include a more comprehensive account of matters pertaining to the year than can be found within any other single volume. The exceptional size of the volume admits exceptionally full treatment of BIOGRAPHY and CURRENT HISTORY and POLITICS. It lessens the danger of an arbitrary and irrational selection of topics and it makes room for the presentation of both sides in the discussion of disputed questions. For convenience of reference the alphabetical arrangement has been strictly followed, and a free use of cross-references renders an index unnecessary. Among the noteworthy features of the year's record in this country were the following: It was the year of the Thirteenth Census and before its close a portion of the returns were available. The new methods of the Census Office, a description of the work done THE to the close of the year and a list of towns and cities of 5000 inhabitants and NATION'S over, with their populations, are given in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. RECORD In political affairs the chief event was the great Democratic victory in the autumn elections, an account of which is given in the political paragraphs under the UNITED STATES. The electoral campaign required unusually full treatment owing to the variety and interest of the issues presented. Under NEW YORK, for example, the spirited Roosevelt campaign is given in some detail; under the title NEW NATIONALISM is presented a summary of the policies outlined in that programme; the subject of CONSERVATION receives extended treatment; the Ballinger-Pinchot affair and the questions to which it gave rise are described under PUBLIC LANDS and in the paragraphs on Administration under the UNITED STATES; the course of the insurgent movement among the Republicans is recounted under the UNITED STATES and in the historical paragraphs in the separate articles on States; and in the paragraphs on Congress in the article on the UNITED STATES will be found an outline of the important laws passed by the Sixty-first Congress, embodying practically all of President Taft's legislative programme. Striking features of State political history in 1910 were, in addition to the Roosevelt campaign in New York already mentioned, the Lorimer episode in Illinois; the failure in Maryland to bring about virtual negro disfranchisement; the adoption of woman suffrage in Washington and the employment of the recall in Seattle-the second instance of its use in a large American city; the election of Caleb Powers, who was three times convicted of complicity in the murder of Governor Goebel, as Member of Congress from Kentucky; the vote of Maine, foreshadowing the resubmission of the Prohibition law; the graft prosecutions in Pennsylvania and in New York; and the election of a Socialist mayor of Milwaukee. The developments of the year also made it necessary to carry an exceptionally full discussion of such subjects as the REFERENDUM AND INITIATIVE; DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS; PRIMARY ELECTIONS; NOMINATION REFORM; MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT, with a list of of the commission cities; and PROHIBITION, with an account of the methods of regulating the liquor traffic employed by the various States on December 31, 1910. The workings of the Tariff during the first year of its application and the questions to which it gave rise are discussed in the article TARIFF, and in commercial paragraphs under UNITED STATES. Other articles dealing with matters that attracted wide attention during the year are, FINANCIAL REVIEW, BANKS AND BANKING, POSTAL SAVINGS BANKS, TRADES UNIONS, TRUSTS, STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS, ARBITRATION (Industrial), ARBITRATION (International), and TAXATION. In foreign politics the sharp controversy over the Budget and the Reform of Lords in Great Britain, the death of King Edward VII, the dissolution of Parliament and the general election, which left the relative strength of the political parties virtually unTHE changed and the political issues as acute as ever, made the British record an unFOREIGN commonly full one. In France the outstanding event of the year was the great RECORD railway strike and M. Briand's summary manner of dealing with it. In Germany the chief interest centred in the failure of the Prussian franchise movement, in the new alignment of political parties and in the steady growth of the Social Democracy. In the Far East the question of neutralizing the Manchurian Railway drew public attention at the beginning of the year, and the Russo-Japanese agreement was the chief topic of discussion in the closing months. In internal affairs the main subject of interest was China's advances toward parliamentary government. In international relations important subjects requiring discussion were the CRETAN difficulty, the resumption of friendly relations between RUSSIA and AUSTRIAHUNGARY, the question of reciprocity between CANADA and the UNITED STATES, the relations between TURKEY and BULGARIA, etc. The year was marked by two successful revolutions, one in PORTUGAL and one in NICARAGUA, 234513 As to the articles on arts, sciences, humanities, industries and other classes of articles, the same departments and contributors as appeared in previous YEAR BOOKS have been retained, but have been supplemented this year by a discussion of COPYRIGHT by Mr. ARTS, Thorvald Solberg, of LIBRARY PROGRESS by Miss M. R. Haines, of MILITARY SCIENCES, PROGRESS by Capt. O. E. Hunt, and of TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM by Dr. L. A. ETC. Bauer. Among the subjects that required especially full treatment on account of important changes or exceptional interest in them during the year, were ARCHITECTURE, which includes a discussion of city and town planning; (also treated under MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT); AERONAUTICS, which required extended treatment not only under its own head but in relation to MILITARY PROGRESS and NAVAL PROGRESS, and many topics in ENGINEERING, MEDICINE, SANITATION, PSYCHOLOGY, MUSIC and ARCHEOLOGY. The material for the statistical articles is derived from official sources, and in the preparation of these articles as well as of those which deal with public affairs, especially in the United States and Canada, invaluable aid has been given by government officials. Among those to whom special recognition is due for such services may be mentioned the following: Major Frank McIntyre, Acting Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, for information in regard to the Philippines; Mr. O. P. Austin, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor; Mr. E. Dana Durand, Director of the Census; various officials in the Departments of War, Navy and the Interior; the Superintendents of Education, Commissioners of Charities and Corrections, Treasurers, the officers of colleges, societies and religious bodies; and the editors of leading newspapers in the States, who have coöperated in the preparation of the paragraphs on State politics and history. Dodd, Mead and Company desire to express their indebtedness for the use of illustrations as follows: To Current Literature, for portraits of William James, Julia Ward Howe, A. J. Balfour, Leo Tolstoy, J. Q. A. Ward, Robert Koch, Mme. Curie, Edward VII., José Canalejas, A. A. Michelson and Sir J. J. Thomson, and for the illustration of George Grey Barnard's sculptures for the Pennsylvania Capitol; to the Review of Reviews for the portrait of H. H. Asquith; to Harper and Brothers, for the portrait of William J. Rolfe; to the National Geographic Magazine, for illustrations of the Eagle Dam Project and Shoshone Dam; to the Century Magazine, for the illustration "A German Tragedian"; to the American Journal of Archæology, for illustrations of excavations at Sardis; to the Bureau of Insular Affairs for the illustration of "A Philippine Conference"; to Captain O. E. Hunt, U. S. A., for illustrations of New Fighting Equipment, United States Army; to the Isthmian Canal Commission for illustrations of the Panama Canal; and to Knoedler and Company for the portrait of Winslow Homer. FRANK MOORE COLBY. |