ILLUSTRATIONS AERONAUTICS: BELMONT PARK, GENERAL VIEW WITH LATHAM, DREXEL AND JOHNSTONE NEW YORK CITY WATER SUPPLY: MASONRY PORTION OF OLIVE BRIDGE DAM, ASHOKAN EXCAVATIONS AT SARDIS: STEPS IN INNER ROW OF COLUMN BASES FROM THE WEST; PART . GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL, NEW YORK CITY: SECTIONAL VIEW; GENERAL VIEW Two FAMOUS AMERICAN ARTISTS WHO DIED IN 1910: WINSLOW HOMER, JOHN LA FOUR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNORS ELECTED IN 1910: WOODROW WILSON, JOHN A. DIX, SIMEON E. BALDWIN, EUGENE N. Foss 682 710 716 752 766 NOTE: Cross references in SMALL CAPITALS indicate that the allusion is to a separate A cross reference in italics, standing alone in an article, carries the reference to another sub- division of the same article. The letters q. v. (quod vide=Latin "which see") in parenthesis following a word, indicate that the subject is treated under its own name elsewhere in the NOTE: In certain tables in this work it will be found, by addition, that the totals do not correspond to the sum of the items. This is the result of the omission or inclusion of certain THE NEW YEAR BOOK A BBOTT, EDITH. See LITERATURE, ENG- Romanie (born 1902), granddaughter of the late IN. ABYSSINIA. An independent empire of eastern Africa, composed of the kingdoms of Tigre (with Lasta), Amhara (with Gojam), and Shoa, together with territories and dependencies in the south and southeast and large portions of the Galla and Somali lands. The estimated area is 308,000 square miles; the population, between nine and eleven millions. Addis Abba, the capital, has an estimated population of be tween 30,000 and 35,000; Harrar, 50,000; Gondar, 5000; Aksum, 5000; Maldera-Mariam, 4000; Adua, 3000. The population is made up of Semitic Abyssinians, Hamitic Gallas and Somalis, Negroes, Falashas, and non-natives. The Abyssinians are members of the Alexandrian Church; their head bishop is a Copt, controlled by a native echegheh. Education, compulsory since 1907 for male children, is provided by the state, which supplies Coptic teachers. Stock raising and agriculture are the principal occupations of the people. In the low, hot regions sugar-cane, cotton, coffee (average annual yield, 10,000,000 lbs.), indigo, bananas, etc., are grown, and rubber is indigenous; fruits, cereals, tobacco, and potatoes thrive on the plateaux; while the heights furnish excellent pasture. There are few minerals; iron, coal, gold, etc., have been found in varying quantities. Imports and exports in 1905, 14,091,000 and 16,903,000 francs respectively (exports of coffee, 2,726,000 francs; skins, 2,182,000; ivory, 1,596,000; wax, 917,000.) Later statistics are incomplete; an English source gives an estimate for 1908 of about £365,000 imports and £375,000 exports. A railway (French) from Jibuti to the capital is under construction; the first stage is completed to Diré Dawa (193 miles.) Posts and telegraphs (over 1000 miles) are under French management. The Menelek dollar (the talari, worth about 50 cents) is the official standard. ARMY. The king of Abyssinia maintains a permanent or active army of wottader or mercenaries which consists of imperial troops and troops from the tributary provinces. The former, which are in large part mounted and supplied with artillery, comprise in the aggregate about 60,000 men. The tribal troops, estimated to number about 80,000 in all, have an organization similar to that of the imperial could be increased to about 200,000 men, but army. The Abyssinian army in time of war only a part of these would be armed with modern rifles and these would be of different patterns. frequent rumors of the Emperor Menelek's apIn 1910, as in the previous year, there were proaching death. In the autumn of 1910 there was a threatened rebellion in Northern Abyssinia, where the brother of Queen Taito raised his standard, but early in November it was announced that the regency was completely successful, the insurgent leader having rendered his submission, and that peace was restored in the disturbed provinces. ACADEMIES, INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF. A body established in 1899 on the initiative of the British Royal Society. It represents twenty academies of learned societies in Europe and America. Delegates of the constituent bodies meet once in every three years. Meetings were held in Paris, 1901, London, 1904, and Vienna, 1907. The Association is preparing an international catalogue of scientific literature. It is also undertaking a complete edition of the works of Leibnitz and an Encyclopædia of Islam and considering plans for the interchange of manuscripts and books between different countries. In England the Royal Society represents the science section, and the British Academy the letters section of the Association. ACADEMY. With the exception of the British and French Academies given below, Academies are treated under the title which indicates their purpose or nature: for example, American Academy of Arts and Letters under ARTS AND LETTERS, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF; American Academy of Political and Social Science, under POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN, etc. A ras (prince, or feudal chief) governs each kingdom, under the emperor who, as king of Shoe, became ruler of all Abyssinia in 1889 under the name Menelek II (born 1843). The heir-apparent, Prince Lidj Jeassu (or Eyassu), son of Menelek's daughter, took over, ACADEMY, BRITISH FOR THE PROMOTION March 23, 1910, the administration of affairs, OF HISTORICAL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND PHILOLOGIunder the guardianship of Ras Tassama. This CAL STUDIES. A learned society incorporated in step was advocated by the principal chiefs on ac- 1902. Its object is the promotion of studies of count of Menelek's failing strength. Lidj Jeassu the moral and political sciences, including his was born in 1896; was proclaimed heir-apparent tory, philosophy, law, politics, archæology and in 1908; and married, May 16, 1909, Princess philology. The maximum number of fellows of the Academy is 100. In 1910 there were 99 distributed under four main sectional committees, which with their chairmen are as follows: History and Archæology, Lord Reay; Philology, Dr. F. G. Kenyon; Philosophy, Professor Bosanquet; Jurisprudence and Economics, Sir W. R. Anson. The President of the Academy, Professor S. H. Butcher (q. v.), died during the year. The secretary is Professor I. Gollancz. Among his principal works are "Hardanger Fjord (1843); 'The Pontine Marshes" (1846), and The Fish Market at Ostend " (1866). ACTON, JOHN ADAMS. An English sculptor, died Oct. 31, 1910. He was born at Acton, Middlesex, in 1831, and was educated at Lady Byron's School, Ealing. He received his training as a sculptor at the Royal Academy Schools, where he took several first-class and gold medals and gained a traveling studentship. He was sent to Rome under the presidency of Sir Charles Eastlake and remained in that city ten years. During a portion of this time he was a pupil of Gibson. His best known works in sculpture are portrait busts of Queen Victoria, King Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra. The Wesley Memorial at Westminster Abbey was his work. He also produced the George Cruikshank monument at St. Paul's Cathedral, and notable statues of Gladstone and Beaconsfield. ACTON, LORD. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. ACADEMY, FRENCH (ACADÉMIE FRANCAISE). An institution founded in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, and reorganized in 1810. It is the first of the five academies constituting the Institute of France, the other four being: the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-lettres, Academy of Sciences, Academy of Fine Arts, and Academy of Moral and Political Science. The Academy consists of forty members. It is the chief tribunal of questions relating to the niceties of the French language and of grammar, rhetoric, poetry and the classification of French classics. The members receive an annual stipend of 1500 francs, and in addition the six members of the Dictionary Committee receive each 1000 francs annually. The Academy annually distributes 12,000 francs in prizes alternately for poetry and eloquence, besides a number of smaller prizes. One new member, Monseigneur Duchesne, was chosen in 1910 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mathieu. There were four vacancies at the end of 1910, caused by the deaths of Marquis Costa de Beauregard 222, against 44,079 in 1891. The island of (1910), Eugéne Marie Melchior (1910), Comte Vandal (1910), and Henri Barboux (1910). The present academicians and the dates of their election are: ADDAMS, JANE. ADAM, PAUL See FRENCH LITERATURE. Perim (area, 5 square miles; population, 2752), the Kuria Muria Islands (5 in number), and the Aden Protectorate (area, 9000 sq. miles; pop. about 100,000) are attached to Emile Ollivier, 1870; Alfred Jean François Aden. The peninsula is of volcanic origin and Mézières, 1874; Othénin P. de Cléron, Comte non-productive, the trade being almost entirely d'Haussonville, 1886; Jules Arnaud Arsène Cla- one of transhipment. It is an important coalretie, 1888; Charles Louis de Saulses de Frey. ing station, and by reason of its strategic posicinet, 1890; Louis Marie Julien Viaud (Pierre tion is strongly fortified. Imports (1908-9) by Loti), 1891; Ernest Lavisse, 1892; Paul Louis sea, £2,805,260; by land, £157,960; treasure, Thureau-Dangin, 1893; Paul Bourget, 1894; £415,568. Exports by sea, £2,580,770; by land, Henri Houssaye, 1894; Jules Lemaître, 1895; £95,260; treasure, £1,575,780. These figures Jacques Anatole Thibault (Anatole France), are exclusive of government stores and treasure. 1896; Albert, Comte de Mun, 1897; Gabriel The chief articles of trade are coffee, gums, Hanotaux, 1897; Henri Léon Emile Lavedan, grain, piece goods, hides and skins and tobacco. 1899; Paul Deschanel, 1899; Paul Hervieu, In 1908-9, 1306 vessels (merchant) of 2,958,965 1900; Auguste Emile Faguet, 1900; Charles tons net entered the port of Aden. Under the Jean Melchior, Marquis de Vogüé, 1901; Ed- Bombay government, the settlement is adminismond Rostand, 1901; Frédéric Masson, 1903; tered by a political resident (1910, MajorRené Bazin, 1903; Etienne Lamy, 1905; Alex- General E. de Brath), who is also in command andre Félix Joseph Ribot, 1906; Maurice of the troop. Barrès, 1906; Marquis de Ségur, 1907; Maurice Donnay, 1907; Jules Henri Poincaré, 1908; Jean Richepin, 1908; Francis Charmes, 1908; René Doumic; Marcel Prévost; Jean Aicard; Eugène Brieux; Raymond Poincaré, 1909; Monseigneur Duchesne (1910). ACCIDENTS IN COAL MINES. See COAL. ACCIDENTS, RAILWAY. See RAILWAYS. ACETYLENE MINE LAMPS. See COAL. ACHENBACH, ANDREAS. A German landscape painter, died April, 1910. He was born at Cassel in 1815. While still a boy he became a pupil of Schadow at Düsseldorf, where he became associated with his brother, Oswald. He was the first great realist in landscape, modeling his art on the Dutch painters of the 17th century. Many of his works are in private galleries in the United States. He is represented in the Metropolitan Museum, New York, and in the Pennsylvania Academy, Philadelphia. ADLER, FELIX. See CHILD LABOR. ADMINISTRATION. See UNITED STATES. TION. ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE. A learned society which exists as a continuation of the American Association of Geologists and Naturalists, organized in 1840. In its present form it was chartered in 1874. The association is made up of eleven sections: mathematics and astronomy, physics, chemistry, mechanical science and engineering, geology and geography, zoology, botany, anthropology and psychology, social and economic science, physiology and experi mental medicine, and education. Annual meetings of the association are held in different cities of the United States. The meeting of 1910 was held at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, December 27-31. This was the 62nd annual meeting of the association. The registered number of members in attendance |