son in a family). A number of its members who had not pursued their studies in favored obligatory instruction and a reform of Flemish. the electoral laws, which were measures demanded by the Opposition. As to obligatory instruction, the Right were not willing to concede that reform unless the free schools, that is to say the schools established and maintained by the Catholic Church, should receive substantial subsidies. The previous budget had made provision for a considerable grant to these schools and it was understood that this concession would be carried further. However, the Catholics desired a law compelling the communal governments to grant to the free schools an amount equal to that which was spent on the official schools. Such a plan was highly objectionable to the Liberals and the Socialists, while on the other hand obligatory instruction was offensive to the Catholic party. The project of electoral reform had already come before Parliament. It had received the approval of the commission appointed to consider it. The attitude of the government toward it did not seem to be favorable. It aimed at a unification of the electoral laws extending proportional representation as employed in the legislative elections to the elections for the provincial and communal councils, and reducing the age for voting from 30 to 25 years. THE MINISTRY. M. Schollaert continued as Premier. Two changes were made in the ministry. Baron Descamps, Minister of Arts and Sciences, and M. Delbeke, Minister of Public Works, lost their places in the cabinet, but more for personal than political reasons. Baron Descamps, who had been a professor in the University of Louvain, aroused much criticism and even ridicule by his excessive patronage of the artistic and literary classes, which was attributed to his own literary ambitions. He was the author of a drama in verse celebrating the achievements of Leopold II in Africa. More over he had not been successful in meeting the attacks of the critics who opposed the government's policy toward the schools. The title of the portfolio had been changed from Public Instruction to Arts and Sciences, and it was understood that the Minister should henceforth devote his attention, not only to the official schools, but to the free schools subsidized by the government. M. Delbeke had been active in carrying out the late King Leopold II's extensive building projects, which had encountered severe criticism. Under the new reign he was no longer needed. THE NIEDERFULLBACH FOUNDATION. M. Renkin, Minister for the Colonies, was criticised for his alleged association with certain financial irregularities in Congo affairs on the part of the late King Leopold. When the treaty for the annexation of Congo to Belgium was under discussion, he had urged that the state should place at the King's disposal the sum of 50,000,000 francs, to be expended without rendering any account to the Chamber, and he had argued that it would not be proper to demand from the Congo administration a statement as to the 130,000,000 francs which had been already borrowed and which was to become a debt to be borne by the new Colonial administration. To those who insinuated at the time that the money had been improperly expended, M. Renkin replied that he was certain that the loans had been borrowed for the benefit of the Colony. On the death of the King the Niederfullbach af fair came to light. The King for a long time had been manoeuvring to carry out in Belgium, independently of the government, such public works as he desired, and to this end had established the Crown Foundation, with extensive territories in Africa, whose revenues were to be applied by officers in his confidence to such purposes as he wished. He sought to have the Crown Foundation recognized in the treaty of annexation, but this was unanimously rejected by the Chamber, which insisted on the suppression of the Foundation. Nevertheless, the new Colony assumed all the obligations that the King had already incurred on this account, and furthermore bestowed on him a special fund of 50,000,000 francs for carrying out some of the projects that he had in mind. The King violated the spirit of this agreement. Although the Crown Foundation was publicly abolished, he established a similar Foundation in the Duchy of Coburg, whence the royal family had sprung, known as the Niederfullbach Foundation. Thus it was found after the death of the King that he had employed the money to endow this new Foundation in a foreign country, whose revenues were to be applied to furthering the King's personal policy in Belgium. When this was revealed, M. Renkin was obliged to admit in Parliament that he had spoken ill-advisedly and without verification when he had told them, on the authority of personal counselors of the King, that the entire debt of the Congo had been fully accounted for. He added, however, that the new Colony would recover the money expended in the Niederfullbach Foundation, and would lose nothing. But this was not done and the money which had been applied to the Coburg project appeared to be beyond recovery. Against the claims of the state, it was urged that the LEGISLATION. The Chamber passed the Congo budget on Feb. 17. The law for the reorganization of the Councils of Prudhommes was passed. This gave women the right to vote and introduced proportional representation. It also extended the jurisdiction of the Councils to employes of commercial houses. It was to Niederfullbach expenditures were beyond their go in force in March, 1911. Another important jurisdiction, that they had not been noted in law to pass Parliament was that concerning the accounting which had been made after the the employment of Flemish in secondary educa- treaty of resumption, and if the grants of King tion. It provided that Flemings should not be Leopold were invalid, his daughters, as his legal admitted to the University courses unless they heirs, were alone able to present a claim. In Debave received an education in Flemish, but in ember Princess Louise brought suit against the order to conform to the constitutional provision government for the recovery of the property guaranteeing freedom of education, a delay comprised in the Niederfullbach Foundation and in its execution was necessary, and the new also against an officer of the late King for the rule was not to apply except to those who had recovery of money which, it was alleged, he not yet begun their secondary studies. For had turned over by the King's order to Baroness six years no restriction was to be placed Vaughan. Another financial difficulty arose upon the inhabitants of the Flemish provinces with the Congo concessionaries. The treaty formally stipulated that all rights conceded to third parties should be maintained, and King Leopold had made free use of the right of concession, giving to certain financiers with whom he was associated the right to exploit the domain. One of these concessionary companies, that of the Kasai, claimed an indemnity of 40,000,000 francs from the Belgian Colony because the Colonial administration had abolished the monopoly that it had acquired over all the state's domain, established commercial liberty and authorized the free exploitation of the forests. The state had a sufficient share in the concessionary companies to control the meetings of the stockholders, but the Kasai Company claimed the right of administering without calling meetings of stockholders. liament to concede the Pavillon de Marsan in the Louvre to the Society of the Central Union of Decorative Arts. In collaboration with Le Play he had charge of the decorative arts section of the Universal Exhibition of 1867 and he was director of the foreign arts section of the exhibition of 1878. He acted as director-general of promotion in the exhibition of 1899. He held the position of professor of æsthetics and of the history of art in the National Fine Arts School of France and was an officer of public instruction and member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Department of the Seine, a member of the Institute of France, of the Higher Council of Fine Arts and of the Council of National Museums. BERGERET, DENIS PIERRE. See NECROL OGY. THE NEW KING. The private life of the late King Leopold offered a marked contrast to that BERIBERI. The connection between a rice of his successor. King Leopold was not less diet and beriberi has long been recognized, but noted for his dissolute private life than for his the precise manner in which rice acts as an ætiolack of political scruples. A large part of his logical factor has been a matter of dispute fortune was settled upon Baroness Vaughan, who among sanitarians in the East. Many observhad been a barmaid, and was the daughter of ers have failed to admit that the cereal was a janitor at Budapest, and who claimed a wholly responsible, and others still believe the morganatic marriage. His will divided $3,000,000 disease to be caused by a specific organism. Reamong his three daughters, none of whom could cent observations in the Philippine Islands help succeed to the throne by the Salic law. His to reconcile these views and to prove that the only son had died at the age of nine. King Al- danger lies in the method of preparing the bert, who was born in 1875, was his nephew. He grain. According to available statistics, it would married on October 2, 1900, Princess Elizabeth seem that beriberi has increased among the naof Bavaria, by whom he has had three children. tives since the introduction of rice milling maHis private life has been without reproach and chinery. Not only in the Philippines, but in in political matters he is known to be progres- other parts of the Orient, an increase in the sive. He has made a special study of social and number of cases of this disease has been obeconomic sciences and has given much thought served since polished rice has supplanted the to current political questions. As to the Congo hand-milled variety as a staple article of diet. policy he differed radically from King Leopold, Beriberi is more frequent among natives whose and declared at the time of his accession that food is polished rice than among those in rethe Belgian government must administer Congo mote regions where the Filipino still uses the affairs humanely. He himself has visited the unpolished cereal, although rice continues to be Congo and considered plans for the improve- the principal article of diet. De Hann has obment of conditions there. In the new budget served that beriberi could be kept in abeyance passed by the Chamber of Deputies, the principle by adding to the white rice diet a form of green of forced taxation, which had been so severely pea, rich in phosphorus, the katchung idjcriticised, was retained. Those interested in ju." Frazier and Staunton at the Laboratory Congo reform declared that the abuses would for Medical Research in Kuala Lumpor of the certainly continue if it was permissible for the Malay States found that fowls fed on highly administration to demand from every village a polished rice suffer from an inflammatory discertain quantity of rubber without regard to ease of the nerves, probably identical with beritheir ability to raise it. See CONGO, BELGIAN. beri in human beings. Frazier points out that BELLE FOURCHE PROJECT. See RECLA in a steady diet of polished rice, the peripheral nerves do not obtain sufficient nourishment. The unpolished rice grain contains beneath the skin or pericarp a layer of cells rich in fat and FRATERNAL phosphorus, while the central portion of the MATION. BELMONT PARK AVIATION MEET. See AERONAUTICS. BENEFIT SOCIETIES. See ORGANIZATIONS. BENJAMIN, LEWIS S. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, section Biography. BENNETT CUP. See AERONAUTICS. BENNETT, ARNOLD. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. BERGER, GEORGES. A French critic and essayist on art, died July 8, 1910. He was born in 1834 and was educated at the Lycée Charlemagne. He was the proprietor of profitable vineyards, and was able to devote himself to art. He gave all his leisure to the study of ancient and modern art objects and wrote extensively on art topics for the Journal des Débats. He was the author also of an important work entitled The French School of Painting from Its Origin down to the Reign of Louis XIV (1879). Among his important services to art was the use of his influence in causing the French Par 66 grain consists of pure starch. In polishing rice, BERLIN. See GERMANY. AND BERLIN, UNIVERSITY OF. See UNIVERSITIES AND Colleges, BERMUDA. A British colony, composed of over 300 small islands, 580 miles east of North BERMUDA 97 BIBLE SOCIETY Carolina and 677 from New York. Total area, most notable years in the history of the Society. about 19 square miles. About 20 of the is- During the year the campaign to secure $500,lands are inhabited. Total population (1901), 000, upon which was conditioned an equal 17,535 (6383 whites); 1909, 19,434 (6777 amount to be given by Mrs. Russell Sage, was whites). Birth-rate (1907), 36.8; death-rate, satisfactorily completed. There came also dur19.9 per thousand; marriages, 185. There were ing the year the announcement of the legacy of in 1909 49 primary schools (26 receiving gov- Mr. John S. Kennedy of $750,000 for the genernment aid of £1611 annually, with 1959 pu- eral work of the Society. Most important for pupils, 18 unaided, 3 garrison, 2 naval), and 6 its influence on the distribution of Bibles in the secondary schools. Chief town, Hamilton, with United States was the action of the Pennsyl(1901) 2246 inhabitants. Area cultivated in vania Bible Society, the oldest society of its 1901, 2652 acres. Onions, potatoes, and other kind in America, in entering into coöperation vegetables, lily bulbs, and arrowroot are grown. with the American Bible Society to create a Imports for 1909 were valued at £440,648 (cattle great home agency covering the States of Penn£22,045; food stuffs, £21,511; cotton goods, £20,- sylvania, Delaware and New Jersey. With the 191; flour, £19,413; butter, £15,474. Exports, exception of Maryland and the New England £183,884 (potatoes, £37,508; onions, £26,375; States the entire country is now covered by the vegetables, £13,375; lily bulbs, £6805). There direct and systematic efforts of the National are no telegraphs; there are 214 miles of mili- Society. The year was also memorable for the tary, and 1200 miles of private telephone lines. large increase in the issues of the Society. The The colony is connected by cable with Halifax, total issues of the Bible House in New York Nova Scotia, Turks Island and Jamaica. There during the year ending March 31, 1910, was are 19 post-offices, and two local banks. Rev- 984,325 volumes in the English language. This enue and expenditure (1909), £68,921 and £67,- total is made up of 213,740 Bibles, 291,163 Testa093 respectively. Public debt, £45,500. The ments and Testaments and Psalms, 478,443 Porgovernor of the colony (1910, Lieut.-General tions and 979 volumes in the various raised Walter Kitchener) is also commander-in-chief of the military forces. TURE. BERNHARDT, SARAH. See DRAMA. See GERMANY. BEVERIDGE, ALBERT J. See UNITED STATES and INDIANA, paragraphs on History; also PUBLIC LANDS. characters for the blind. In addition to these issues in the English language, the Scriptures BERNARD, TRISTAN. See FRENCH LITERA were issued in 70 languages other than English. Of these the largest number were in the Spanish BERNE-BELLECOUR, ÉTIENNE PROSPER. language, 141,285. In Italian, 73,853 volumes A French landscape, portrait and military were issued; in Portuguese, 41,064; in German, painter, died November 29, 1910. He was born 33,837; and in Polish, 32,296. There were in Boulogne in 1838. He was the pupil of Picot printed and purchased abroad for foreign distriand Barrias, and at first painted landscapes bution 1,399,584 volumes, including Bibles, and portraits. His reputation was, however, Testaments and Portions, and there were sent achieved by the accurate and spirited pictures abroad for distribution 203,013 volumes, making of episodes of the Franco-Prussian War. His the total number for foreign circulation 1,602,works, many of which are in private collections 597, and the total number published by the in the United States, include the following: American Bible Society for distribution "Cannon Shot" (1872), "In the Trenches throughout the world, 2,826,831 volumes. The (1877), and "To Arms!" (1891). total issues of the Society in 94 years amount to 87,296,182. China showed a great advance in the number of volumes issued during the year. The total number issued for that country was 1,028,496 volumes, an increase of 532,477 volumes over the previous year. The total receipts of the Society during the year 1909-10 amounted to $533,470. This does not include the trust funds, of which only the income can be used. The amount received in legacies durBHUTAN. A semi-independent state in the ing the year was $187,739 and there were reeastern Himalayas. Area, about 20,000 square ceived from church collections $24,433. The miles; population, mainly Buddhists, about 250,- work among the different agencies in the United C00. Capital, Punakha. The chief products and States prospered during the year. These inexports are rice and other grains, wax, musk, clude the Agency among the Colored People of ponies, chowries, and silk. The imports from the South, the Northwestern Agency, the South Bengal, Eastern Bengal, and Assam (1908-9) Atlantic Agency, the Western Agency, the amounted to £38,556 (1907-8, £40,284); exports Southwestern Agency, the Pacific Agency, the to those provinces, £20,148 (£22,975). In Eastern or Central Agency, and the At1910 a treaty was concluded by which the lantic Agency. Among the colored people Indian government assumed control of Bhutan's 27,976 Bibles were distributed during the foreign relations, and agreed to pay the mahar- year. Among the foreign agencies notable work ajah an annual subsidy of £6667 and to refrain was done in China, where the circulation is refrom interference in internal affairs. The for- ferred to above, and in Korea, where 70,187 mer dual control by a secular and a religious volumes were distributed. In the Philippines head was abolished in 1907, when the temporal 72,543 volumes were distributed, and in Japan, chief (tongsa penlop), Sir Ugyen Wangchuk, was elected sole ruler. Political officer (1910), C. A. Bell. BEYLIE, LÉON MARIE EUGÈNE DE. See NECBOLOGY. BIBLE SOCIETY, AMERICAN. A religious organization founded in 1816 for the purpose of encouraging a wider circulation of the Holy Scriptures, without note or comment. The year 1910, the 94th of its existence, was one of the 61,045. Important work was also carried on in Porto Rico, Mexico and Central America. During the year the Society lost by death three of its vice-presidents, Major-General Oliver O. Howard, Professor James H. Carlisle and Justice David J. Brewer. Bishop Daniel A. Goodsell, who died during the year, was also a member of the Society and deeply concerned in its work. On May 6, 1909, the Board of Managers elected Theophilus Anthony Brouwer as its thirteenth president. He was elected to succeed Daniel Coit Gilman, who died in 1908. The Secretaries of the Society are Rev. John Fox, D. D., Rev. William I. Haven, D. D., and Rev. Henry Otis Wright, LL. D., and the Treasurer is William Foulke. BICYCLING. See CYCLING. BIOLOGICAL STATIONS. On the Atlantic BIERBAUM, OTTO JULIUS. A German author, coast of North America, the laboratory of Tuft's died 1910. He was born at Grünberg, Lower Sile- College, at South Harpswell, Me., the Marine sia in 1865. He successfully took up the studies Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass., of philosophy, Romanic philology, history of art, the laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute at Cold and Oriental languages. In the course of his Spring Harbor, the Harvard laboratory at Berstudies he visited the universities of Zurich, muda, the United States Fisheries laboratories Leipzig, Munich and Berlin. He became in 1892 at Woods Hole and Beaufort, N. C., and the the editor of the Freie Bühne of Berlin, later Marine laboratory of the Carnegie Institution published as the Neue Deutsche Rundschau. He at the Dry Tortugas, were conducted as in preabandoned the publication of this journal to vious years. (See YEAR Book for 1909.) In found the art journal Pan, which he conducted addition to these the Johns Hopkins University in 1895 in collaboration with Julius Meyer- established a summer laboratory at Montego Graefe. His publications include: Erlebte Bay, Jamaica, thus reviving a project which had Gedichte (1892); Studentenbeichten (1897); been dormant since 1897. According to the reDie Freiersfahrten und Freiersmeinungen des port of the Director, Professor Andrews, the loweiberfeindlichen Herrn Pankrazius Graunzer cality seems to have been exceptionally favor(1897); Der bunte Vogel von 1897 und 1899; able, both as to climatic conditions, and as to the Ein Kalenderbuch (1896 and 1898); Irrgarten available forms of life. The laboratory was der Liebe (1901), a collection of poems; Stella primarily conducted for the benefit of the und Antonie, a drama (1903); Eine empfind- graduated students of the University. The same Reise im Automobil (1903); Das Cenacle United States Fisheries Bureau laboratory at der Maulesel and Die Schlangendame, plays (1905). BIGELOW, JOHN. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, section History. BILHARZIA. See TROPICAL DISEASES. BILLIARDS AND POOL. The billiard history of 1910 is noteworthy for the growth in popularity of the three-cushion game. Alfredo de Oro of New York City began the year as title-holder, but met defeat at the hands of Fred Eames of Denver in January. Two months later Thomas Hueston wrested the prize from Eames and in May de Oro defeated Hueston. The overthrow of de Oro followed in December when he lost to John Daly. Calvin Demarest, who was the 18.2 balkline champion at the beginning of the year, was beaten by Harry Cline in February. The latter in turn went down to defeat before Willie Hoppe, who had made his peace with the controlling powers of the game, after having been for several months on the outs with them. Then Hoppe won the 18.1 title from George Sutton. The veteran, George Slosson, next challenged Hoppe, only to receive one of the worst beatings of his career. This left the young billiard wonder supreme in the field. Hoppe made several new records during the year, but the majority of them were not officially recognized. In the three-cushion game George Moore made a run of 15. The old mark, 14, was made by Frank Peterson, an amateur, twenty-five years ago. The amateur championship was won by E. W. Gardner, who did not lose a game. J. F. Poggenburg carried off the special prize for the highest single average and Joseph Mayer captured the high run trophy. Jacob Schaefer, "The Wizard," one of the finest exponents of the game, died during the year. The championship in continuous pool changed hands three times in 1910. Thomas Hueston, who started the year as title-holder, was defeated in January by Jerome R. Keogh, who retained the championship by successive victories over Charles Weston, Clarence Safford, and Ben Fairport, Iowa, completed its organization, and with Dr. R. E. Coker as Director began propagation work on mussels. The universities of Michigan and of Colorado conducted as usual, summer laboratories, while on the Pacific coast marine laboratories were maintained by the University of Washington, University of California, University of Lower California, and the Leland Stanford University. All of these were for both instruction and research. The Port Erin Biological Station reported extended work on oceanography and fish hatching. Extensive additions are to be made to the buildings of this station, to accommodate the increasing number of students and investigators. For an exhaustive study of the European Biological stations by Professor C. A. Kofoid, see Bulletin No. 4, 1910, U. S. Bureau of Education. BIOLOGY. As indicated in the YEAR BOOK for 1909, there is, at the present day, not only a very great lack of agreement as to the value of the results reached by different workers along lines of investigation in Heredity and Evolution, but an unforunate disagreement as to the best methods to be employed in the solution of these problems. What follows is a summary of the most important work of 1910 along these lines, but no attempt has been made at harmonizing the apparently discrepant results. General topics, as Heredity, Evolution, etc., are treated in this article; for general morphology of animals, see article ZOOLOGY; for plants, see BOTANY. Special articles dealing with insects, fishes and birds will be found under the headings ENTOMOLOGY, FISH AND FISHERIES, and ORNITHOLOGY respectively. BIOMETRICS. The application of mathematical methods to the study of biological data (biometrics) has apparently not accomplished the results that were hoped for it, so that Bateson, in his Mendel's Principles of Heredity (see YEAR BOOK for 1909), said: "That such work may ultimately contribute to the development of statistical theory cannot be denied, but as applied to the problems of heredity the effort has BIOLOGY resulted only in the concealment of that order which it was ostensibly undertaken to reveal. To those who hereafter may study this episode in the history of biological science it will appear inexplicable that work so unsound in construction should have been respectfully received by the scientific world." To this, Pearson, the leading English biometrician, replies in Biometrica, 1910, that "Biology has now developed theories of such complexity that without the aid of the highest mathematical analysis it is wholly unable to state whether its theories are accurate or not. This many Mendelians admit to-day and all will admit it in the near future." It is however, true that so far as it is possible to form a judgment concerning the permanent value of the work of a contemporary, the investigators whose work now seems of greatest value do not agree with Pearson in either his methods of work or the conclusions derived from them. Pearson also combats the conclusions reached by Jennings, Johanssen and others in the study of the so-called "pure lines of descent" (see YEAR BOOK for 1909). He thinks, for example, that a proper mathematical treatment of Jennings results on inheritance in Paramecium would show that he really did secure a modification when breeding in pure lines. Pearson also discussed data given by Hanel on the selection of Hydra according to the number of tentacles, and claimed that the data showed that here selection in a pure line had actually led to a permanent increase in the number of tentacles. Pearl and Surface, however, reached conclusions more in agreement with those of other workers in their study of the egg laying power of hens, for they found that the progeny of especially prolific hens, laying 200 and more eggs a year, were no more prolific than those of hens with a much lower record. This is in substantial agree ment with the results reached as a matter of experience by practical breeders, who for years have stated that in estimating the value of an individual for breeding purposes, it is necessary to consider not only its individual capacities but whether or not it is able to transmit them to its descendants. GENETICS. Interest is increasing in the general subject of Genetics, and a new journal, the Journal of Genetics, under the editorship of Bateson and Punnett, was announced in 1910. Interest centres mainly around the applications and extensions of the law of Mendel, though much interest was being shown in the subject of eugenics, which has an immediate and practical application to some problems of human society. A special Eugenics Committee of the American Breeders' Association was appointed in 1909, and a report by its Secretary, Dr. Davenport, appeared in 1910. While but little could be reported as actually accomplished up to that date, the report shows that enormous actual saving to the community could be brought about by investigations in eugenics, and practical application of the results of these investigations. GALTONISM AND MENDELISM. In dealing with Mendel's Law, Davenport maintains the paradoxical conclusion that a character may really be dominant and still not appear (reversal of dominance). This he thinks may be due to the fact that the really dominant character may be weakened or it may appear late in the ontogeny, so as not to be in evidence in early stages. According to the pioneer work of Galton on heredity, the character of the offspring is inter mediate between those of the parents (blended inheritance); while in cases which are typically Mendelian, the offspring, with respect to any one pair of opposed characters, each possessed by one parent, will inherit either one or the other, and not a blend of the two. Thus a distinction is made between variations which are continuous, leading to a blended inheritance, and those which are discontinuous, leading to a Mendelian form of inheritance. Many students of heredity have believed that this distinction is unreal, and that, properly analyzed, the continuous variations would be seen really to belong in the other group, thus making all inheritance of the Mendelian type. Castle says that size variations are apparently continuous and their inheritance blending, while color variations are discontinuous and their inheritance Mendelian. Castle does not attempt to reconcile these differences, but suggests that they can be reconciled by supposing that there may be a number of allelomorphic pairs, not alike in ultimate constitution, but when active capable of producing the same results: for example, as in the case of East's own work on inheritance in maize, a red seed color. Here red, not necessarily always of the same shade, may be produced by any one of a number of allelomorphic pairs, in each of which the color is dominant to its own absence. The intensity of the color would depend on the number of these characters present, and we might therefore get apparent continuity when we really have variable numbers of individually discontinuous characters. CHROMOSOMES. Wilson, Stevens, and others, continued their study of chromosomes, and Guyer found in human spermatogenesis evidence bearing on Wilson's contention that the determination of sex is in some way connected with the accessory chromosomes. He finds in the spermatogonia twenty-two chromosomes, of which two are evidently accessory, since half of the spermatids contain ten, and half twelve chromosomes. Arguing from analogy, he thought that in the human male, the body cells have twenty-two, and in the female, twenty-four chromosomes. Newmann and Patterson found thirty-one and thirty-two chromosomes respectively in the male and female armadillo. Montgomery, on the other hand, after reviewing the evidence for regarding the chromosomes as determiners of sex, concludes that it assumes too definitely limited a function for the chromosomes. Sexuality, like other bodily characters, is, he thinks, a result of the total bodily compositions, not under the control of one or a few chromosomes. UNIT CHARACTERS. There was manifested during the year an increasing amount of scepticism concerning the accuracy of that part of deVries's theory of inheritance dealing with unit characters, these seeming to many workers too fixed and unchangeable, allowing as they do of change only through mosaic arrangement and rearrangement, to accord with the observed facts of heredity. Tower asked if the unit characters or lesser entities occupy in the organism the mosaic relation and have the capacity for the mosaic rearrangement claimed by most Mendelians, and from a study of the results of his own extended researches on Leptinotarsa concludes that they do not. Crossings between species of this genus show that external conditions as temperature and moisture determine whether one character shall be dominant or recessive, or |