WRIGHT, I. A. See LIITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

WRIGHT AEROPLANE. See AERO

NAUTICS.

WÜLKER, RICHARD PAUL. A German philologist, died February, 1910. He was born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1845, and was educated at the universities of Berlin, Leipzig, and Marburg. In 1875 he was appointed professor of English language and literature at the University of Leipzig. His published writings include the following: Das Evangelium Nikodemi (1872); Altenglisches Lesebuch (187480); Kleinere angelsächsische Poesie, re-edited (1881-99); Grundriss zur Geschichte der angelsächsischen Litteratur (1885); Codex Vercellensis (1894); Geschichte der englischen Litteratur (1896); and Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Prosa (1899).

EDUCATION. The number of children of WURTZ, HENRY. An American chemist, school age in the State on April 30, 1910, was died November 10, 1910. He was born in 1827 32,334. The enrollment in the schools was and graduated from Princeton University and 24,584. In the past two years there has been the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. At a great increase in the attendance at the the outbreak of the Civil War he was chemical schools, in large measure due to an excellent examiner in the United States Patent Office truancy law passed by the legislature. The and professor of chemistry in the National compulsory education law was amended by the Medical College. He was the author of num- legislature of 1909 and the results of its oper erous scientific treatises and was the first ation have been excellent. The average monthly scientist to prove the existence of gold in sea compensation of male teachers in the State water. He discovered several minerals, one of was $75.57 and of female teachers, $56.84. which was named for him. For many years he was editor of the New York Gaslight Journal. WYMAN, ISAAC O. An American philan thropist, died May 16, 1910. He was born in 1827 in Salem, Mass. He made a large fortune in real estate and at the time of his death was said to have owned real estate in every State and Territory in the country. He was the owner of nearly two-thirds of the land in Marblehead Neck. One of his early investments was in the Suez Canal. He graduated from Princeton University and to this institution he left his entire estate, amounting to about $3,000,000.

WYOMING. One of the Mountain Division of the United States. Its area is 97,714 square miles. Its capital is Cheyenne.

POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 145,965 as compared with 92,531 in 1900 and 62,555 in 1890. The increase in the decade 1900 to 1910 was 57.7 per cent. The State ranks forty-ninth in point of population, the same relative rank which it held in 1900. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the articles UNITED STATES CENSUS.

FINANCE. The report of the State treasurer for the biennial period 1909-10 showed a cash balance in the treasury on October 1, 1908, of $353,419. The total receipts during the period were $1,947,089 and the disbursements were 1910, of $327,228. The bonded debt of the $1,800,825, leaving cash on hand September 30, State on September 30, 1910 amounted to $180,000.

and correctional institutions under the care of the State, with the disbursements for their support during the biennial period 1909-10, were as follows: Hospital for the Female Insane, $48,997; Hospital for the Insane, $1200; Penitentiary at Rawlins, $919; State Hospital, $58,551; Rock Springs Hospital, $378; Home for Feeble-minded and Epileptics, $16,111; Sheridan Hospital, $38,120; Miners' Hospital, $1207; Penitentiary in Albany county, $2400; Wyoming Soldiers and Sailors' Home, $17,804.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

There was no session of the State legislature in 1910 as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1909.

CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The feature of the election of 1910 in Wyoming was the attempt made to wrest the control of the State from the regular Republicans. In this attempt the Democrats combined with the insurgent Republican wing and united on a candidate for governor, nominating on September 21 Judge Joseph M. Carey the leading insurgent Re

MINERAL PRODUCTION. The State is important as a producer of coal. This amounted in 1909 to 6,376,909 short tons as compared with 5,489,902 short tons in 1908. The increase in production in 1909 was general throughout the State. The United States Geological Survey estimates an increased production in 1910. There was produced in 1909 gold to the value of $3990 and 1363 fine ounces of silver. The publican in the State. The platform which State produces copper, but the production of was adopted was constructed to meet the ap1909 showed a decrease from that of 1908 proval of Judge Carey and contained nothing which in the former year was 433,672 pounds, in condemnation of the national administra as compared with 2,416,197 pounds in 1908. tion, except some criticism of the Payne-Aldrich Among other mineral products, although in tariff law. The Republicans had previously held relatively unimportant quantities, are clay their convention on September 15 and had deproducts, gypsum, lime, sand and precious feated the insurgents by nominating for gov

stones.

ernor W. E. Mullin, a regular. The platform

WYOMING

817

YELLOW FEVER

endorsed President Taft's administration, with four boats were entered. The Berneyo, a 50special commendation for the attitude of the foot power boat owned by S. W. Granbery, was President on the question of conservation. The the winner, covering the distance in 150 hours insurgents did not hold a convention but sup- 19 minutes. An average speed of 7.97 nautical ported the ticket nominated by the Democrats. miles per hour was maintained. The Bermuda The platform adopted by the Democratic insur- power boat race was won by the Eronel II, gent combination favored the initiative and belonging to F. D. Giles, Jr. The sailing race referendum, the Oregon primary laws, pub- to Bermuda was won by Harold Vanderbilt's licity of corporation affairs, a commission form schooner Vagrant. of government for municipalities, eight hour labor laws, State conservation as against national conservation, and other laws for State government.

American boats were the victors in both international races held during the year. The first was the sonder-klasse event between Spanish and American boats held off Marblehead for In the election held on November 8, the the cup presented by President Taft. The Democratic insurgent combination succeeded in Harpoon, owned by Charles Francis Adams, 2d, electing its candidate for governor, Judge was the winner. The second international race Carey, by a plurality of 5851. The total vote was between American and English boats for was, Carey, 21,086, Mullin, 15,235, and the the British International Trophy. The event Socialist candidate received 1605 votes. The was won by F. K. Burnham's Dixie II. Republican candidate for Representative to The Astor Cup for schooners was captured Congress, Frank W. Mondell, was re-elected. by F. F. Brewster's Elmina. The same boat The State legislature remains Republican by while on the cruise of the New York Yacht 13 on joint ballot, thus insuring the re-elec- Club was the winner of the commodore's, vicetion of Senator Clarke, whose term expires in commodore's and rear commodore's cups during 1911. the runs from port to port. Cornelius Vanderbilt's Aurora of the 65-foot class won the Astor Cup for sloops and the King's Cup. The Aurora also captured the Bennett Cup and during the racing season finished first in thirteen races, second in thirteen and third in eight.

The disastrous winter of 1909, followed by a dry season, caused considerable retrenchment in the livestock industry, herds and flocks being marketed early, thus reducing the demands upon the range.

The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- YALE UNIVERSITY. An institution of way which is building a Seattle-Galveston line higher learning at New Haven, Conn., founded through Wyoming, made rapid progress and in 1701. The total attendance of the university will have its road in operation by January 1, in the year 1910-11 was 3287. The instructors 1912. An important link is between Cheyenne numbered 406. Among the important acquisiand Wellington, Colorado, thirty-five miles long, which is being rapidly rushed to completion.

The influx of farmers, both in irrigated and unirrigated sections, continued throughout the year. Congressman Mondell's surface rights law applying to classified coal lands, opened up a large acreage to settlement.

The Pathfinder and Shoshone national irrigation projects made marked progress (see RECLAMATION) and Asmus Boysen completed a great dam for power purposes near Shoshone, which will be one of the largest private power enterprises in the country.

tions to the faculty during the collegiate year were the following: Ernest Carroll Moore, for many years Superintendent of Schools in Los Angeles, Cal., and previously Assistant Professor of Pedagogy at the University of California became Professor of Education; Albert Tobias Clay, Ph. D., took up his work as Professor of Assyrian and Babylonian Literature on the Laffan Foundation, established by J. Pierpont Morgan. Dr. Clay was previously at the University of Pennsylvania. Charles McLean Andrews, formerly of Johns Hopkins University, assumed the duties of Professor of American History on the recently established STATE OFFICERS. Governor, J. M. Carey; Farnam Foundation; Professor Allan Johnson, Secretary of State, F. L. Houx, Treasurer, J. L. formerly of Bowdoin College, became Larned Baird; Auditor, R. B. Forsythe; Adjutant- Professor of American History to succeed General, ; Attorney-General, Professor Charles S. Smith, resigned; Professor ; Supt of Education, Rose Bertram Boltwood became Professor of RadioBird-all Democrats except Baird and activity. The total gifts and bequests to the Forsythe. university during the year amounted to $2,398,291. For mention of the most notable gifts see the article GIFTS AND BEQUESTS. The investments of the university amounted to $12,101,993 and the annual income to nearly $2,000,000. The president is Arthur T. Hadley.

SUPREME COURT. Chief Justice, Chas. M. Potter; Associate Justices, Cyrus Beard, Richard H. Scott; Clerk, W. H. Kelly-all Republicans.

STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Senate: Republicans, 19; Democrats, 8; Republican majority, 11. House: Republicans, 29; Democrats, 27; Republican majority, 2, joint ballot: Republicans, 48; Democrats, 35; Republican majority, 13.

YELLOW FEVER. Professor Boyce, concluding an investigation of yellow fever in Jamaica, reported that the old-time scourge of the West Indies has practically disappeared. Since 1850, when water pipes were introduced XENON. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. in nearly all the principal towns, thus doing YACHTING AND MOTOR-BOATING. away with the necessity for wells, vats and The yachting season of 1910 was the most barrels, the breeding places of the stegomyia notable in the history of the sport, a larger were greatly reduced in numbers and with number of boats being built and more races them the number of cases of yellow fever. contested than ever before. Seven ocean races Boyce states that wherever a considerable rewere held, four for power boats and three for duction in the number of the stegomyia mossailing craft. The longest was the Phila- quito is brought about, yellow fever ceases to delphia-Havana event of 1200 miles in which be endemic in that place; in short, a certain

excess of this mosquito appears to be necessary to train volunteer workers in Bible study and for the maintenance of continuous infection or Association work. Work has recently been inendemicity. Short of that number, the endemic stituted among the Indians, immigrants, colcharacter disappears, but if a case of yellow ored students and in professional and private fever should be imported from some distant schools. The National Training School to prefocal centre, as for example Central America, pare young women for executive positions is then a smaller or larger outbreak will occur, located at 3 Grammercy Park, New York. The limited in extent by the number of stegomyia official organ is The Association Monthly. Miss existing in that particular district. These out- Grace H. Dodge, President; Mrs. Samuel J. breaks, however, are becoming less frequent Broadwell, Treasurer; Mrs. W. Rossiter, Secreand smaller. There were no cases of yellow tary; Miss Mabel Cratty, General Secretary. fever in the United State, the Isthmus of Pan YTTERBIUM (NEOYTTERBIUM). See ama (except 2 imported cases) or the Phil- ATOMIC WEIGHTS. ippines, during 1910. See VITAL STATISTICS. YOUNG, G. F. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. YOUNGHUSBAND, E. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

YOUNGHUSBAND, Sir FRANCIS. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

YTTRIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS.
YU-LANG. See CHINA.

ZAMACOIS, M. See FRENCH LITERATURE.
ZANGWILL, I. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH
AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

ZANZIBAR. A British protectorate on the eastern coast of Africa, embracing the islands of Zanzibar (640 square miles), Pemba (340), Lamu (56), Manda, Patta, and Siwa; a tenYOUNGMAN, A. See LITERATURE, ENG- mile coast-line from Wanza to Kipini; and the LISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social port of Kismayu, with a ten-mile radius. A Science. recent estimate by British officials gives the YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIA- population as follows: Zanzibar (island), TION. An interdenominational association 195,000 (Zanzibar, the capital city, 70,000); for carrying on an all-round welfare work for Pemba, 60,000 (about): total, about 255,000, young men on a Christian basis. The associa- of which about 10,000 are Arabs and 20,000 tion originated in London in 1844. It now East Indians. Whites, about 250. Chakeexists in every continent and in nearly every Chake is the chief city of Pemba. There are country of the world. In America it is found government and mission schools. There are no in 10 countries; in Europe in 22; in Asia 11; mines. Cloves, cocoanuts, chillies, and betel in Africa 4; in Australasia 3. The total mem- nuts are grown; the export of cloves constibership of the association in 1910 was 889,850. tutes about 85 per cent. of the world's supply. The associations occupied 1264 buildings Imports (1909), £994,368 (1908, £969,841); valued at $64,202,975, and there were 1521 exports, £1,001,364 (£977,628). In 1908 the paid general secretaries. In North America export of cloves and clove stems amounted to there were 2017 associations with 496,591 mem- £264,960; copra, £119,940; ivory, £54,469. bers and 696 buildings, valued at $50,919,915. Trade by countries (1909): British India, There were 2927 employed officials. In the £389,492 imports and £198,006 exports; Great association educational classes there were Britain, £144,521 and £89,900; German East 52,277 students; in physical work, 271,506; in Africa, £128,819 and £196,673; United States, Bible classes 94,789. By departments the £45,778 imports; Germany, £40,984 imports; classifications were as follows: Members in the France, £128,267 exports (returns incomplete). railroad associations 83,881; in student as- Total tonnage entered (1908), 445,350, exsociations 58,923; in boys' departments 91,756. clusive of coasting and dhow traffic which is In city associations there were 68,666 men in very large, extending to Bombay, Arabia, the industrial occupations. For current expenses Comoro Islands and Madagascar. A light railthere were expended in 1910 for local work, way (American) extends from Zanzibar to Bu$7,081,043; State and provincial work, $463,- bubu (about six miles). Actual revenue and 504; international committee-home work, expenditure for 1909, £204,000 and £189,000 $279,630; foreign missionary work, $193,082. respectively; 1910 estimates, £185,000 and There were 76 international employed secre- £197,000. The sultanate has an invested fund taries in the home field, and 86 in the foreign of £500,000, and a public funded debt of £78,field. The North American Internatioanl Com- 687. Reigning sultan, Seyid Ali bin Hamoud mittee is composed of 63 members: Lucien C. bin Mahomed bin Said (born June 7, 1884; Warner, chairman; F. B. Schenck, treasurer; succeeded, July 20, 1902). British agent and and R. C. Morse, general secretary. consul-general, E. A. W. Clarke. The Zanzibar domains on the mainland are administered through the governor of the East African Protectorate.

YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCITIONS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, NATIONAL BOARD OF. Object: "To unite in one body the Young Women's Christian Associations of the United States; to establish, develop and unify such associations; to advance the phyical, social, intellectual, moral and spiritual interests of young women; to participate in the work of the World's Young Women's Christian Association." One hundred eighty-nine City Associations, 639 Student and nine Industrial and Rural Associations are members of the national organization with a total membership of 216,556 young women. There are 15 Territorial and State organizations. Each year 10 summer conferences are held

ZEPPELIN AIR SHIPS. See AERONAU

TICS.

ZIEGLER, CLARA. A German actress, died in January, 1910. She was born in Munich in 1844. After making her début at Bamberg in 1862, she was seen successively at Ulm, Munich and Leipzig. She scored great triumphs, especially as Brunhild, Isabella, Maid of Orleans and Elisabeth. From 1868 to 1874 she was a member of the royal theatre in Munich and in 1886 married her former instructor, Adolf Christen. She appeared in engagements on nearly all the principal stages of Germany,

Holland and Russia. Her chief rôles were in three layers separated when the eggs of a moltragedy, but she also impersonated success- lusk, a nemertean, a rotifer and a fish were fully characters in high class comedy. She was centrifuged, perfectly normal embryos neverthe author of several comedies, which were theless made their appearance, in all three produced with considerable success.

ZINC. The production of zinc in the United States in 1910, according to the Engineering and Mining Journal, was the largest on record. The total production of spelter or crude zinc was estimated at 278,380 tons as compared with an output of 266,462 tons in 1909. Of the production in 1910 112,533 tons came from the KansasMissouri mines and 80,834 tons from the Illinois mines.

The imports of zinc ore in 1910 were about 85,000 tons compared with 116,269 tons in 1909. The exports were about 19,000 tons as compared with 12,456 in 1909. There were about 30 zinc smelters in the United States actively producing in 1910, with 224 furnaces and 95,211 retorts. The prices of zinc and zine ore remained about the same in 1910 as in the year previous in spite of the higher tariff on zinc ore.

The failure of natural gas in Kansas is likely to result in a shortage of smelting capacity in that State. Four works at Iola were abandoned during the year. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS and MINERAL PRODUCTION.

groups, though the distribution of the material must have been quite different from the untreated egg. Abnormal embryos may appear, but this, according to Morgan, is due rather to the effects of handling the eggs in removing them from the parent, etc. than to the centrifuge, the results of various experiments tending to this conclusion. Morgan's observations on the behavior of the karyokinetic spindle in these experiments indicated that the spindle fibres are more or less permanent organs, and the centrosome is not to be regarded as a "centre of force." While he does not attempt an explanation of the function of the centrosome, he thinks that it is possible to form the clearest conception of the process by regarding the spindle formation as analogous to a crys tallization process, the centrosome acting as a crystallization centre.

Conklin, working on the eggs of pond snails, reached conclusions essentially in agreement with those of Morgan. Although there are visibly distinct substances in the eggs of these animals, and although these substances have ZIRCONIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. definite fates in the normal development, their ZOÖLOGICAL SOCIETIES. The 8th In- position may be changed by the centrifuge withternational Zoological Congress met at Gratz, out in any way affecting the character of the Austria, in August, under the presidency of Pro- resulting embryo. The chief axis of the egg is fessor Dr. L. V. Graff. It was announced that apparently fixed in all stages, and is not the 9th meeting will be held in 1913 at Monaco, altered by the shifting of egg substances. There with the Prince of Monaco as President. The is evidence also that the bilaterality of the egg British Association for the Advancement of is early marked off, but Conklin decides that Science met in September at Sheffield. The neither polarity nor bilaterality is unalterably Zoological section was under the presidency associated with any of the three visible subof G. C. Bourne, whose address was a plea for stances of the egg. His final conclusion is that the study of morphology now somewhat in dis- there must be some sort of a framework which repute. The American Association met at is not affected by the experiment, and which Minneapolis during the last week in December, by a sort of regulation restores the original with J. Reighard as Vice-President of the organization as the development progresses. Zoological section. The address was by the Morgan stated that pressure on an egg having retiring Vice-President, W. E. Ritter. The determine type of cleavage, as in Cionia and Central Branch of the American Society of Nereis, produces an abnormal embryo much Zoologists met at the same time and place, with more readily than in the case of the frog or sea C. E. McClung as President. The Eastern urchin, where the cleavage is indeterminate. Branch of the Zoological Society met at Ithaca He concluded that in the former eggs specificawith the American Society of Naturalists, tion appears early, and cleavage planes coinT. H. Montgomery and D. T. MacDougall being cide with areas of specification, thus separatthe respective presidents. The latter society ing different areas. Pressure, by forcing cleavhas for several years limited its discussions to age planes into new localities, may crowd into some phase of the evolution problem, the sub- one cell, material having different dynamic ject for 1910 being the "Pure Line" theory of qualities and therefore abnormalities may reJohannsen. sult. ZOOLOGY. As was stated in the YEAR That in Paramecium a process of conjugaBook for 1908, the latest addition to the ap- tion occurs after a longer or shorter period of paratus of the zoological laboratory is the reproduction by fission is apparently a well escentrifuge. Unsegmented eggs, centrifuged for tablished fact, attested by numerous observaa time, show a stratification into visibly dif- tions. The usual explanation is that in conferent layers, there being a surprising amount jugation the individuals are mutually supof uniformity in the number of these layers plied with some protoplasmic ingredient which among eggs belonging to very different groups has been exhausted from their bodies, and that of animals, three being the number which they will die if this be not supplied. Jennings, usually appeared. Since other experiments had in 1910, decided that the conditions which shown that in many cases visibly distinct sub- govern conjugation are different in different stances had entirely different fates in the races of the same species. Some conjugate fredeveloping embryo, the removal of one of them quently, while others under the same condifrom the egg resulting in a loss of some one tions do so very rarely or not at all. Since in organ from the body of the larva, it was some races, then, conjugation may be repeated thought that when these substances, separated at intervals of from five days to a month, by the centrifuge, were displaced in this way, definite abnormalities would follow. Morgan showed, however, in 1910, that although these

while in others it may be deferred for at least three years, Jennings concludes that when it occurs it must have some other explanation

than that it is the result of senile degenera- to stimulation of any sort, and does not necestion at the end of a life cycle. Jennings also sarily mean that it did not receive the stimulus. showed in another paper that some individuals separated when beginning the conjugation process would live and continue the normal divisions, while others after conjugation divided more slowly and showed more abnormalities. This gave further evidence that conjugation is not essentially a rejuvenation process.

THE END