'Australian Commonwealth. Capital, Perth. POPULATION. The population of the State in Area, 945,920 sq. miles. Estimated population, 1910, acording to the Thirteenth Census, was June 30, 1910, 282,856. For details, see Aus- 1,221,119 as compared with 958,800 in 1900 and TRALIA. The executive authority is vested in 762,794 in 1890. The increase in the decade 1900 a governor, appointed by the British Crown, to 1910 was 27.4. The State ranks twenty-eighth and assisted by a responsible ministry. The in point of population, the same relative rank legislative power devolves upon a parliament of which it held in 1900. The population of the two elective houses, the Legislative Council and larger cities and towns will be found in the the Legislative Assembly. Governor in 1910, tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. Sir Gerald Strickland; Premier, Frank Wilson. MINERAL PRODUCTION. West Virginia is one HISTORY. The Premier, Sir Newton Moore, of the most important of the States in the proin an address on July 26 announced an increase duction of coal. There were produced, in 1909, of £383,000 in the revenue over last year and a 51,466,010 tons as compared with 41,897,843 surplus of £210,000. The programme of legis- tons in 1908. The State ranks second in the lation included an extension of the franchise production of coal, being surpassed only by Pennfor the Legislative Council, liquor reform, re- sylvania. The production of coal in 1910 was distribution of seats and plans for a new uni- estimated by the United States Geological Surversity. Toward the end of September the vey to have exceeded 60,000,000 tons. The inMinistry resigned and the premiership was crease is largely due to the benefit received from taken by Mr. Wilson, formerly Minister of the shut down of the mines in Illinois on acWorks. Changes were made within the Cabi- count of the strike. Most of this increase was net, but its personnel remained the same. In in the southern portion of the State although his budget speech on October 25, the Premier the northern counties showed increased activity. pointed to the prosperity of the previous year West Virginia ranks second among the States in and to the prospects for its continuance. Gold the quantity of coke produced. The production was discovered at Bullfinch and the new field in 1909 was 2,637,132 short tons, valued at $5,promised well. In the latter part of Novem- 267,054. Large quantities of petroleum were ber, Broome, the centre of the pearl industry, produced. The production in 1909 was 10,745,was partly destroyed by a cyclone. 092 barrels, as compared with a production in 1908 of 9,523,176 barrels. The value of the with a value in 1908 of $16,911,865. The new product of 1909 was $17,642,283, as compared to regions in which some development had oil developments of 1909 were largely confined of the State are important. These were proalready been made in 1908. The clay products duced in 1908 to the value of $3,261,756. WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning at Cleveland, O., founded in 1826. The total number of students in the university in 1910-11 was 1302, divided as follows: Adelbert College, 405; Col lege for Women, 303; Medical Department, 166; Law School, 168; Dental School, 88; Library School, 66; School of Pharmacy, 93. The faculty in 1909-10 numbered 228. Among the changes in the faculty during the year were the following: Joseph Leopold Borgerhoff was promoted to be Professor of Romance Languages; Howell Merriman Haydn was promoted to be Professor of Biblical Literature; Charles Edwin Clemens was promoted to be Professor of the History and Theory of Music; James Elbert Cutler was promoted to be Professor of Sociology; Augustus Raymond Hatton was promoted to be Professor of Political Science. In Adelbert College, Charles Josiah Smith, Professor of Mathematics and Samuel Ball Platner, Professor of Latin, returned to the unversity after a year's absence. Noteworthy benefactions for the year included a new building for the College for Women, the gift of Mr. Samuel Mather and his children as CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charities as follows: Miners' and corrections of the State are under a Board AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of leading crops in 1909 and 1910 are given in the following table: Corn, 1910... Acreage Prod. bu. a memorial to Mrs. Samuel Mather. It is to Oats, 1910 1909 Rye, 1910 1909 1909 Buckwheat, 1910 1909 370,000 4,810,000 Value $16 266,000 20,448,000 5,228,000 5.435,000 1,260,000 98,000 2,156,000 1909 39,000 3,822,000 675,000 810,000a 2,599,000 12,150,000 675,000 844,000 11,225,000 WEST VIRGINIA. One of the lantic Division of the United States. area of 24,170 square miles. Charleston. South At Potatoes, 1910 1909 WEST VIRGINIA 807 FINANCE. The report of the treasurer for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1910, showed a balance in the treasury on October 1, 1909, of $724,200. The receipts during the year were $4,011,918, and the total disbursements amounted to $3,858,437, leaving a balance on hand at the end of the year of $877,680. The disbursements on account of the general school fund during the year amounted to $873,976. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT WHEAT UNITED STATES. The United States produced 695,443,000 bushels on 49,205,000 acres in 1910, as against 787,189,000 bushels on 46,723,000 acres in 1909. The total value of the crop based on the price per bushel on the farm December 1 of each year was $621,443,000 in 1910 and $730,646,000 in 1909. The winter wheat production of 1910 amounted to 464,044,000 and the spring wheat production to 231,399,000 bushels. The fall of 1909 was very favorable for sowing winter wheat. The soil There was no session of the legislature in was in good condition for the preparation of the 1910, as the sessions are biennial and the last seed bed and contained sufficient moisture for was held in 1909. The elections on November the prompt germination of the seed and for the 8 were for members of Congress only, as the production of a rapid and satisfactory fall terms of Governor Glasscock and the other State growth. The crop went into the winter with the officers do not expire until March 4, 1913. Al- best prospects but the season proved severe and though the State is normally Republican, and through alternate thawing and freezing a large President Taft received a plurality of 26,451 loss in acreage had occurred by spring. Large votes in 1908, the Democratic wave which swept acreage were abandoned in Kansas, Missouri, over the country included West Virginia, and Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio. On the a Democratic legislature, which has the election whole, however, such generally good weather of a Senator in 1911, succeeded the Republican favorable to the growth of the crop prevailed legislature of 1909. John W. Davis, Democrat, during the latter part of April and in May and was elected for Congress in the first district June that the previous heavy setbacks were by a plurality of 3408; W. G. Brown, Demo- overcome. The experience of the year called crat, was elected in the second district by a attention very forcibly to the recuperative plurality of 4485; Adam Littlepage for the third powers of the wheat plant when moisture condistrict by a plurality of 1566; John Hamilton, ditions and the weather in general are favorable Democrat, was elected from the fourth district, during the latter part of its growth. The yield and James A. Hughes, Republican, was elected per acre of winter wheat was particularly high from the fifth district by a plurality of 2853. in Wyoming, Oregon, Idaho, New York, Colorado, Montana, and Iowa, being 25, 23.7, 23.7, 23.7, 23, 22, and 21.2 bushels respectively, but none of these States has a very large acreage. The average yield per acre in the more important winter wheat growing States was heavy enough to make the general average for the country quite satisfactory as compared with other years. Kansas, the largest winter wheat producing State, suffered the greatest proportionate reduction in acreage and total yield. This State produced 61,060,000 bushels on 4,300,000 acres in 1910 and 85,478,000 bushels on 5,895,000 acres in 1909. Other important winter wheat States and their production in 1910 were as follows: Indiana produced 40,981,000 bushels on 2,627,000 acres; Nebraska 34,650,000 bushels on 2,100,000 acres; Illinois 31,500,000 bushels on 2,100,000 acres; Ohio, 31,493,000 bushels on 1,944,000 acres; Pennsylvania 27,697,000 bushels on 1,556,000 acres; Oklahoma 25,363,000 bushels on 1,556,000 acres, and Missouri, 25,130,000 bushels on 1,821,000 acres. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Wm. E. Glasscock; Secretary of State, Stuart F. Reed; Treasurer, E. L. Long; Auditor, John S. Darst; Attorney-General, Wm. G. Conley; Adjutant General, Chas. E. Elliott; Superintendent of Schools, M. P. Shawkey; Com. of Agriculture, J. M. Milanall Republicans. JUDICIARY. Court of Appeals: President, Ire E. Robinson, Republican; Associate Justices, George Poftenbarger, Republican; L. Judson Williams, Republican; Henry Brannon, Republican; William N. Miller, Republican; Clerk, W. R. Mathews. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911 Senate, Democrats, 15; Republicans, 15. House, Democrats, 63; Republicans, 23. Joint Ballot, Democrats, 78; Republicans, 38. Democratic majority-Senate, 0; House, 40; Joint Ballot, 40. WHARTON, EDITH. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. WHEAT. WORLD'S CROP. The wheat crop of the world in 1910 was estimated at 3,500,000,000 bushels or about the same as the crop of year before. The spring wheat production of the country in 1910 amounted to 231,399,000 bushels and the The yield the world over was generally satis- area to 19,778,000 acres. Weather and soil confactory and while drought interfered at times ditions in the spring of 1910 were favorable to in certain countries, particularly in the United a good start of the crop. Owing to the comStates, Russia, and Argentina, the production paratively light precipitation during the fall and came well up to the average and the year as winter, the soil moisture reserve was low and a whole stood second only to 1909 in total world when later in the season dry weather prevailed production. Russia as in 1909 led all countries. the supply of soil moisture became inadequate The wheat acreage of Russia has increased from and the condition of the crop was reduced, 42,000,000 to 71,000,000 during the last 15 years. particularly in North and South Dakota and With her large yield and with large supplies Minnesota. In North Dakota the average yield carried over from the heavy crop of 1909, Russia of spring wheat per acre was only 5 bushels, was by far the most important wheat exporting and the average for the entire country was only country of the world in 1910. The United States 11.7 bushels. Minnesota yielded 94,080,000 ranked next to Russia and was followed by bushels; South Dakota 46,720,000 bushels; France with a yield of 268,000,000 bushels and North Dakota 36,105,000 bushels; and Wash16,120,300 acres. The French yield was con- ington 11,745,000 bushels. The areas devoted siderably below the average, and the importa- to the crop in the States were 5,880,000, tion of about 55,000,000 bushels was required 3,650,000, 7,221,000, and 810,000 acres respectto supply the home demand. ively. WHEAT PRODUCTION 1909 1910 Bushels Bushels 737,189,000 695,443,000 17,743,000 La., in 1845 and was educated at the Jesuit College, New Orleans, and Georgetown University. He served throughout the Civil War in the Confederate army, and in 1868 was admitted to the bar. In 1874 he was elected a member of the State Senate and in 1878 was appointed associate justice of the supreme court of Louisiana. From 1891 to 1894 he was United States 166,744,000 149,990,000 Senator from Louisiana. In the latter year 10,000,000 10,000,000 156,162,000 131,010,000 he was appointed an associate justice of the 23,516,000 Supreme Court of the United States. Justice 8,595,000 9,000,000 186,076,000 258,905,000 White is a Democrat in politics and he is con15,506,000 13,000,000 sidered to be one of the most learned and efficient 32,071,000 49,126,000 members of the Supreme Court. Although he 3,829,000 4,225,000 135,000 135,000 is a Southerner by birth his record on the bench 356,193,000 268,364,000 has shown at times strong Federal leanings. 138,000,000 141,884,000 He sided with the minority in upholding the 7,000,000 7,000,000 189,959,000 153,337,000 income tax when it was tested under the ad200,000 200,000 ministration of Grover Cleveland, and also sus4,324,000 tained the government in the insular cases. 294,000 6,000,000 the Northern Securities case, however, he joined 56,751,000 110,761,000 with the minority in deciding against the gov 711,478,000 699,413,000 ernment. These are the most important cases 10,000,000 in which Justice White has participated. The 144,105,000 137,448,000 appointment of Justice White as Chief Justice 7,450,000 was generally approved throughout the country. 30,000,000 WHITE, HORACE. An American public of 35,000,000 ficial, who became on October 7 governor of 60,017,000 New York to succeed Charles E. Hughes who 357,941,000 4,158,000 71,792,000 6,978,000 3,568,000 35,000,000 United Kingdom.. British India. 284,361,000 76,282,000 3,417,000 39,374,000 In 2,600,000 resigned to become a member of the Supreme WHEELER, E. R. See LITERATURE, ENG WHISKY. See LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND WHITE, ANDREW D. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. WHITE, J. C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. WHITE SLAVE TRAFFIC. See PROSTITUTION. WHITE, WILLIAM ALLEN. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. WHITING, LILLIAN. See LATERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. WHITMAN, CHARLES OTIS. An American zoologist, died December 6, 1910. He was born at Woodstock, Me., in 1842, and graduated from WHITE, ANNA. An American Shaker, the Bowdoin College in 1868. He studied at Leiphead of the North Family Shakers at Mount zig, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in 1878. În Lebanon, New York, died December 15, 1910. She the following year he was made a fellow of was born in Brooklyn in 1831, the daughter of Johns Hopkins University. In 1880-81 he was Robert White, a wealthy Quaker merchant of professor of zoology at the Imperial University New York City. At the age of 18 she joined of Japan. He was stationed at the Naples Zothe Shakers and lived uninterruptedly at Mount ological Station in 1882, and from 1883 to 1885 Lebanon, first as a novice, then as a sister, was assistant in zoölogy at Harvard University. and for thirty years prior to her death the From 1886 to 1889 he was director of the Allis head of the largest Mount Lebanon Shaker Lake Laboratory and from 1889 to 1892 was family. The fortune which came to her with professor of zoology at Clark University. the death of her father was devoted to the 1892 he was appointed professor and head of Shaker Society. She wrote the history of the department of zoology, and curator of the Shakerism and was identified with many outside zoological museum at Chicago University and progressive movements. She was president of the Peace Society, which held a great national reunion at Mount Lebanon in 1906, and when the Shaker women organized their branch of the Woman's Council of the United States she was elected its president. She opened a market for the handiwork of the Shakers of New York and other cities. WHITE, EDWARD DOUGLASS. An American jurist, appointe1 December 11, 1910, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was born in the parish of Lafourche, In he held this position until the time of his death. From 1888 to 1908 he was also director of the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Mass. He was an editor of the Journal of Morphology, of the Biological Bulletin and of Biological Lectures. WHITNEY, HARRY. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. WHITNEY, JAMES LYMAN. An American librarian, died September 25, 1910. He was born at Northampton, Mass., in 1835, and graduated from Yale College in 1856. For a time he held a place in Unity Library in Yale College. He was born in Newington, Conn., in 1846. He About forty years before his death he became was educated in the public schools and studied connected with the Boston Public Library, and medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, after steady promotion became chief librarian. graduating in 1867. From 1889 to the summer Upon giving up that place in 1903 he was of 1910 he was professor of orthopedic surgery made chief of the department of documents in the University of Pennsylvania. He also acted and statistics, and of the department of manu- as surgeon in several hospitals in Philadelphia. scripts. During his service in the library he He was one of the most noted surgeons in the edited the Ticknor Catalogue of Spanish Litera- country and he held many offices of honor and ture and many other publications of the library. distinction in learned societies. A large portion He was a member of various historical and lit- of his work was among the poor of Philadelphia. erary societies. Among his published works are Artificial Anæsthesia (1891) and Surgery of Childhood, Including Orthopedic Surgery. He also contributed numerous articles to medical journals. WILLIAMS COLLEGE. An institution of higher learning at Williamstown, Mass., founded in 1793. The total enrollment for the year 1910-11 was 560, of which number 535 were candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Arts and 25 for the degree of Master of Arts. The faculty numbered 57. The productive funds amounted to $1,343,663 and the income for the year 1909-10 was $63,962. The library contains about 67,000 volumes. The President is Harry A. Garfield. WHITNEY, MYRON W. An American singer, died September 19, 1910. He was born at Ashby, Mass., in 1835. When he was sixteen years of age he went to Boston where, in 1858, he made his first appearance in a performance of the Messiah for the Handel and Haydn Society. For nearly ten years he sang in concerts. He then studied music in Florence, Italy, and London. In the latter city he made a special study of the oratorio with Randegger, and there gained a reputation as a concert singer, which caused his recall to Covent Garden after his return home. He made a tour of the United Kingdom under the direction of Benedict and Sullivan and finished afterwards a successful season in London. He then returned to the United States and made a tour of the country under the direction of Theodore Thomas. In 1876 he sang at the Centennial Celebration and at the Cincinnati Festival, held in 1877. Mr. Whitney's greatest success was in oratorio rather than in opera singing, and perhaps his greatest triumphs were at the concerts of the Handel and Haydn Society of Boston, the New York Oratorio Society and the Cincinnati festivals. His repertoire included "Elijah," "Israel in Egypt," "The Messiah," " Creation," ," "Tower of Babel," and "Damnation of Faust." He was for a time the principal bass in the Boston Ideal Opera Company and in the American Opera Company. He appeared in many of the Gilbert and Sulli van operas. WHITTREDGE, WORTHINGTON. An American artist, died February 25, 1910. He was born in Ohio in 1820 and studied landscape and portrait painting in Cincinnati after leaving school. He went abroad in 1849 and continued his studies in London, Paris, Antwerp, Düsseldorf, and Rome until 1859. Returning to New York he opened a studio and became an associate member of the National Academy of Design. In 1862 he became a full member and was president of the Academy in 1875-6. WHYMPER, C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH WIGGIN, KATE DOUGLAS. See DRAMA. WILCOX, D. F. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. WILL, AUGUST. An American artist of German birth, died January 23, 1910. He was born at Weimar, Germany, in 1834 and came to the United States at the age of twenty-one. For thirty-eight years he was a teacher of art and numbered among his pupils many well known American artists. He maintained a studio at Broadway and Astor Place, New York City, for nineteen years. Many of his illustrations appeared in the Century, Harper's, and Scribner's magazines. WILLARD, DE FOREST. An American surgeon and philanthropist, died October 15, 1910. WILLIAMS, Sir EDWARD LEADER. An English engineer, died January 1, 1910. He was born at Worcester in 1828 and began his professional career in that city. His formal education was obtained at private schools. He devoted his attention almost entirely to river and canal work and until 1850 was engaged in undertakings for improving the navigation of the waterway between Stourport and Gloucester. He afterwards acted as engineer of the Great Northern Railway which was then being constructed through Lincolnshire. For several years he was engaged on the works of the Admiralty Pier, Dover, and in 1856 became engi neer to the River Weaver Trust. Here he made great improvements, including the construction of a lift to raise vessels vertically to a height of 52 feet from the Trent and Mersey Canal to the Weaver. When in 1882 it was decided to build the Manchester Ship Canal, Mr. Williams was called upon to assist in the preliminary survey and was afterwards appointed one of the joint engineers of the projected enterprise. His scheme for the construction of the canal was ultimately adopted. Its accomplishment required twelve years and throughout that period he acted as chief engineer. In the construction of the canal he encountered and overcame many engineering difficulties. He was the author of many papers on engineering subjects and contributed articles on canals to the Encyclopædia Britannica. WILLIAMS, GEORGE HENRY. An American lawyer and public official, died April 4, 1910. He was born at New Lebanon, N. Y., in 1823 and was educated in the public schools and at Pompey Academy. He studied law in New York, and in Iowa, whither he removed in early youth. He was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1847 he was elected judge of the first judicial district of Iowa and was presidential elector for Iowa in 1852. In the following year he was appointed chief justice of Oregon Territory and was a member of the constitutional convention which framed the constitution for that State. From 1855 to 1867 he was United States Senator from Oregon. He was a member of the High Joint Commission to settle the Alabama claims. From 1871 to 1875 he was Attorney-General of the United States in General Grant's cabinet. of wireless telegraphy in 1910 was such as to He was nominated in 1873 for the Supreme characterize it as a well established art in Court of the United States, but the Senate daily competition with other means of comrefused to confirm him to that post. From that munication and well intrenched in its peculiar time on until shortly before his death he was field. Much credit is due to the narrower continuously engaged in the practice of law in ranges of tuning which have been attained and Portland, Oregon. From 1902 to 1905 he served the clear transmission of the group frequency as mayor of that city. He was the last survivor of 1000 per second. The quenched spark has of the officials who served in President Grant's come into quite general use and marks a revercabinet. sion to an original type after ten years of experimentation with various substitutes. WILLIAMS, H. N. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. WILLIAMS, S. C. See LITERATURE, ENG LISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. WILLIAMSON, A. M. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. WILLIAMSON, C. N. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. WILSON, BECKLES. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. WILSON, Lady SARAH. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. WILSON, W. L. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. WINANS, SAMUEL ROSS. An American educator, died July 25, 1910. He was born at Lyons Farm, N. J., in 1855, and graduated from Princeton College in 1874. From 1876 to 1881 he was tutor in Greek at Princeton. In 1881-83 he was adjunct professor in Greek and instructor in Sanskrit and from 1883 to the time of his death he was professor in Greek and instructor in Sanskrit. From 1889 to 1903 he was dean of the faculty of Princeton. He edited Xenophon's Memorabilia (1880), Symposium (1881), and Libri Socratici (1883). WINCHESTER, C. T. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Essays and Literary Criticism. WINDOW GLASS TRUST. See TRUSTS. WINDWARD ISLANDS. The Windward, or southern, group of the British West Indian islands includes Barbados, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Grenada (qq. v.), and the Grenadines (half under St Vincent, half under Grenada). For administrative purposes all the separate colonies are under one governor and commanderin-chief (1910, Sir James Hayes Sadler), with headquarters at St. George's, Grenada; but each has its separate administrator and institutions. There is no common legislature, laws, revenue, or tariff. WINES. See LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DIS TILLED. WINES, F. H. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. The receiving circuits have tended to return to the simple two circuit tuner as the more complex arrangements have failed to produce superior tuning. Solid rectifiers have largely supplanted other types in detecting apparatus. Marconi has brought out a new valve receiver and a new electrolytic detector using an amal gam of tin that is worthy of note. Marconi also secured a patent on a duplex plan by which the sending and receiving devices are rendered operative and inoperative alternately in rapid succession, so avoiding the necessity of synchronism at the two stations. The Marconi Company resumed transatlantic service and signals were received at its station in Argentina from Nova Scotia and from Ireland, a distance of 5600 miles. The Pacific has been practically covered as ships en route from America to Australia have been in touch with Honolulu throughout almost the entire journey. Under exceptional conditions a distance of 6500 miles has been attained but the daily working range of the best equipped stations is scarcely greater than 3000 miles. Regular overland communication at distances of 1000 miles is now carried on. The use of wireless equipment has been successfully accomplished from aeroplanes, balloons, submarine vessels and railway cars. The highly complicated state of patent litigation over wireless inventions in America has been a decided drag upon progress, both commercial and scientific. The technical research connected with space telegraphy has necessitated the working out of new concepts and much apparatus of extreme delicacy. It has been reaching a much sounder scientific basis than hitherto and relief from many of the crudities of present equipment is promised by the more novel and advanced researches in progress. In addition to its employment for strictly commercial purposes, wireless telegraphy has brought relief, in at least six instances during the past year, to vessels in distress; in the absence of which succor, it is not at all certain WINGFIELD, Sir EDWARD. An English that more than a few lives could have been saved. public official, died March 5, 1910. He was born There is still room for improvement, however, in 1834 and was educated at Winchester and in the power and completeness of the equip New College, Oxford. He was admitted to the ment of many passenger carrying vessels, as bar in 1859. Six years later he was appointed a recent instance on the Atlantic showed, where one of the legal Assistant Under-Secretaries of a steamer was not in communication for five State in the Colonial Office, and for many years or six days, and arriving two days overdue, rehe had special charge of West Indian business. ported that she was "too far away to send In 1897, during the administration of Mr. messages." This is hardly excusable in the presChamberlain, he became permanent Under-Sec- ent state of the art. retary of State, but was obliged to retire at the end of three years on account of a paralytic stroke brought on by overwork In 1899 he was created a K. C. B. and from 1897 to 1900 was Secretary of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. WIRELESS TELEPHONY. Throughout 1910 the field of wireless telephony remained practically barren of new achievements. Suecessful communication was carried on between French vessels over a distance of sixtynine miles and Fessenden in America reported a distance of 200 miles. Statements have been published in the newspapers The record from time to time of successful communication WINTER, WILLIAM. See LITERATURE, ENG- |