VETERINARY SCIENCE 795 VEZIN devised whereby cattle may be fortified against institute was established on the small Baltic attacks of tubercular infection under all circum- island of Riems near Greifswald for the purstances, still it has been shown by the investiga- pose of carrying on bacteriological research with tions of the Department of Agriculture that a view to stamping out foot-and-mouth distheir resistance may be materially increased by ease. The necessary funds are supplied by the means of suitable inoculations. government and the work is being conducted TEXAS FEVER AND CATTLE TICKS. During the under the direction of the University of Greifspast four years the U. S. Department of Agri- wald. During the year an outbreak of this culture has been engaged in coöperation with disease occurred in Yorkshire, Eng. In Russia State and local authorities in the extermination it was officially anounced that there were 30,000 of the cattle tick which conveys the Texas fever cases of foot-and-mouth disease among cattle in infection. The work has already resulted in the province of Yaroslav during the 5 weeks great benefits to the portions of the territory prior to August 12. In Argentina it has been that have been freed from the ticks and has thought several times that this disease, which demonstrated that it is practicable in time to made its appearance 10 years ago, had been eradicate the ticks from the infested region. stamped out. This, however, is not the case as During the fiscal year 1910, 57,518 square miles during the year it broke out in the province of of territory were released from quarantine as a Corrientes. result of the eradication of these ticks. The BIGHEAD OF SHEEP. Bighead is a disease of total area so released since the beginning of the sheep that occurs in certain sections of the inwork amounts to 129,611 square miles. The termountain region of Western United States, at sum of 250,000 was appropriated for this work altitudes from 4500 to 8000 ft. above sea level, during the fiscal year 1910 and a similar amount usually on the plains and valleys between the for the fiscal year 1911. It was shown by Dr. higher mountain ranges. Investigations made Arnold Theiler of the Transvaal Department of during the year lead to the conclusion that it Agriculture that the peripheral coccus-like is brought about by the poisonous properties in body of the mild or autumnal form of Texas a certain plant or plants in combination with fever, which has been supposed to represent a certain climatic conditions. stage in the development of the Texas fever SCABIES OF SHEEP AND CATTLE. The eradicaparasite, is in reality a distinct organism. This organism has been termed Anaplasma marginale and the disease which it produces is known as anaplasmosis. This affection occurs in various parts of the world, the infection being conveyed by the same ticks that convey the true Texas fever parasite. OTHER DISEASES. In experiments conducted LIP-AND-LEG ULCERATION OF SHEEP. The at the Iowa Experiment Station, it was found form of necrobacillosis known as lip-and-leg that sugar beets and mangels favor the formaulceration of sheep, which appeared in Wyoming tion of kidney and bladder stones when fed to about two years ago and became so threatening as to necessitate a Federal quarantine in the early part of the fiscal year 1910, has become much less prevalent under the quarantine and methods of treatment carried out, aided by the drouth of the past season. GID IN SHEEP. This disease of sheep, discovered a few years ago in Montana and due to the invasion of the brain and spinal cord by the larval form of a tapeworm that occurs in dogs has been investigated by the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry. Three papers on the subject were published during the year and others are in the course of preparation. As the disease appears to be prevalent only in a part of Montana, it is very desirable that the parasite be prevented from spreading to other sections and that it be exterminated if possible. On November 25 a quarantine was placed upon all importations of collie, shepherd or sheep dogs in order to prevent further introduction of this tapeworm from abroad. tion of scabies of sheep in the West has progressed so well that during the fiscal year areas aggregating 390,000 square miles were released from quarantine, and the disease was greatly reduced in the territory remaining under quarantine. breeding rams and it seems very probable that these roots have the same effect when fed to ewes or to cattle. Other diseases of domestic animals that were the subject of particular investigation in 1910 include chronic bacterial dysentery or Johne's disease of cattle, swamp fever of horses, infectious abortion, and blackhead or avian coccidiosis. A new nonpathogenic trypanosome was found to be quite commonly present in American cattle, and a new pathogenic species was found in Panama in the blood of horses received from the United States. VETERINARY INSPECTION. An act passed during the year, which became operative October 1, provides for an examination by a veterinary inspector immediately before shipment of all horses, asses, or mules shipped from any British port to any port outside the British Isles. In the Hawaiian Islands an order providing for the inspection of all classes of livestock prior to landing was promulgated by the officials and became effective January 1. This order requires the mallein testing of horses and mules and the tuberculin testing of all cattle above the age of 6 months. A special order relating to glanders requires a quarantine of 21 days, counting from the date of departure from California, of all horse stock arriving in the Territory from that State. VETO RESOLUTIONS. See GREAT BRITAIN, History. HOG CHOLERA. Practical demonstrations of the value of protective treatment of hogs against hog cholera were carried out successfully in a large number of States. The preparation of the immunizing serum is being quite generally taken up by the States. It is now be lieved that the use of carbolized hog-cholera blood in connection with the serum will be of distinct advantage when simultaneous inoculations are carried out, as experiments have shown VEZIN, HERMANN. American actor, died that the virus is not destroyed by a 2 June 11, 1910. He was born in Philadelphia in per cent. solution even after contact for 1829 and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania. He went to Europe and became FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE. In Germany an an actor. His success was rapid and in 1852 two weeks. Charles Keane engaged him for the part of Pembroke in his famous revival of King John. He afterward made a circuit of the English provinces, returning to London in 1859. Here he played Macbeth, and thereafter appeared with much success as Hamlet, King John, Othello and in other parts. One of his famous later rôles was that of Dr. Primrose. He took Henry Irving's place in Macbeth when the latter broke down, and achieved much success. When he was 80 years of age he played as Rowley in Sir Herbert Tree's revival of The School for Scandal. VIADUCTS. See BRIDGES. VIARDOT-GARCIA, PAULINE. A French singer, died May 18, 1910. She was born in 1821, the daughter of Manuel Garcia, the famous tenor. She developed her vocal qualities in Mexico and was one of Liszt's most accom plished pupils. For For many years she enjoyed a series of unbroken triumphs in the various European capitals. In 1841 she married Louis Viardot, director of the Paris Italian Opera, and in 1863 she retired from the stage. She settled in Paris in 1871 and became a teacher of singing. She was the last of the famous school, neaded by her father and Mme. Malibran, who was her sister. She composed several operas, over sixty vocal melodies and many intrumental pieces. VICTOR, ORVILLE JAMES. An American writer, died March, 1910. He was born in Sandusky, O., in 1827 and graduated at the Seminary and Theological Institute at Norwalk, O., in 1847. From that date until 1893 he was engaged in editing various periodicals in New York and elsewhere. He compiled and edited The Bibliographical Library, The American Battle series, Library of Standard Romance, and other works. He was the author of the History of the Southern Rebellion (4 vols.), Incidents and Anecdotes of the War, History of American Conspiracies, and biographies of John Paul Jones, Israel Putnam, Anthony Wayne, and others. VICTORIA. A state of the Australian Commonwealth. Capital, Melbourne. Area, 87,884 square miles. Estimated population, December 31, 1909, 1,297,557. For details, see AUSTRALIA. The executive authority is vested in a governor, appointed by the British Crown and assisted by a responsible ministry. The legislative power devolves upon a parliament of two elective houses, the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly. Governor in 1910, Sir Thomas D. Gibson-Carmichael; Premier, John Murray. HISTORY. The policy of closer settlement was beginning to have some effect at the opening of the year and the people were coming to realize its importance. At the beginning of June the government declared its intention during the coming session of amending the Closer Settlement bill. Other features of its programme as announced were an attempt to secure compulsory education and the reintroduction of the Land Tax bill. The Victorian Parliament was opened by the Governor, Sir Thomas-Gibson Car michael, on July 6, with a speech in which he referred to the uninterrupted prosperity of the state and urged an equitable dealing with the question of the financial relations between the Commonwealth and the states. A very serious accident occurred on July 18 at Richmond Station, when the Brighton express from Melbourne ran into a train which was standing still. The collision caused the death of nine persons and the injury of 188. The treasurer brought in a Land Tax bill in the latter part of November for a tax of 3 farthings on the pound on unimproved lands. VICTORIA NYANZA. See EXPLORATION, paragraphs on Detailed Surveys of Africa. VIEBIG, CLara. See GERMAN LITERATURE. VILLARD, O. G. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. VINCENT, GEORGE EDGAR. An American scholar and educator, chosen in December, 1910, president of the University of Minnesota to suc ceed Dr. Cyrus Northrop, resigned. He was born at Rockford, Ill., in 1864 and graduated from Yale University in 1885. He engaged for a short time in editorial work, and traveled in Europe and the Orient. In 1886 he was editor of the Chautauqua Press and from 1888 he was In 1907 he was chosen president of the Chauvice-principal of the Chautauqua System. tauqua Institution. From 1892 to 1894 he was fellow in Sociology at Chicago University and after having served as an instructor, assistant professor, and associate professor was, in 1904, made full professor. In 1907 he was appointed dean of the faculties of arts, literature and science. He is a son of Bishop John H. Vincent, who founded the Chautauqua System. He is the author of Social Mind and Education (1896) and An Introduction to the Study of Society (with Professor A. W. Small, 1895). VIRGINIA. One of the South Atlantic Division of the United States. It has an area of 42,267 square miles. Its capital is Richmond. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 2,061,612 as compared with 1,854,184 in 1900 and 1,655,980 in 1890. The increase in the decade from 1900 to 1910 was 11.2 per cent. The State ranks twentieth in point of popula tion whereas in 1900 it ranked seventeenth. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. com MINERAL PRODUCTION. The chief mineral prod ucts of the State are coal and iron. The coal output increased materially in 1909 over 1908. In the former year there were produced 4,752,217 short tons valued at $3,868,524 as pared with a production of 4,259,032 short tons valued at $4,362,102 in 1908. The production in 1910 was estimated by the United States Geological Survey to be about the same as in 1909. There was, however, a considerable increase in the tide-water shipments due to the new Virginian railway and the new developments along its lines. The State is an import ant producer of coke. In 1908, 1,162,051 short tons were manufactured. Copper was produced in 1909 to the amount of 231,971 pounds as compared with 25,087 pounds produced in 1908. Small quantities of gold and silver are also mined. The State contains deposits of zinc and in 1909 58 tons of spelter were produced. Lead is also found in the State in small quantities. The clay products are of importance, and other mineral products are coal products, tale, soapstone, pyrite, mineral waters, gravel, and barytes. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of leading crops for 1909 and 1910 are given in the following table: Corn, 1910... 1909 Barley, 1910. 1909 Acreage Prod. bu. Value VITAL STATISTICS eral Assembly was the defeat of the Federal income tax amendment. The measure passed 2.142,000 54,621,000 $35,504,000 the Senate, but it met a stinging defeat in the 35,023,000 lower branch of the legislature. 2,040,000 47,328,000 795,000 10,170,000 8,848,000 Win. wheat, '10 '09 790,000 Oats, 1910. 194,000 4,268,000 1909 200,000 3,800,000 3,000 3,000 Rye, 1910 20,000 1909 15,000 Buckwheat, '10 21,000 88,000 86,000 270,000 184,000 378,000 378,000 6,566,000 60,000 5,520,000 475,000 565,000₫ 460,000 606,000 160,000 124,800,000b 155,000 120,125,000 13,000c 10,095 a Tons. b Pounds. c Bales. 9,871,000 10,175,000 2,091,000 2,052,000 61,000 8,060,000 EDUCATION. The school population of the State according to the school census of 1905 was 580,615. The total enrollment in the year 1908-9, the latest for which statistics are available, was 392,651. Of these 275,568 were white and 117,083 were colored. The average daily attendance was 257,724. The State has no compulsory education laws. There were in 1908-9 345 high schools of first, second and third grades, with a total enrollment of 13,418. The average salary of white teachers in the State in 1909 was $43 and of colored teachers, $28. There were 10,093 teachers in the schools of the State. The value of the school property was $7,192,575. The total expenditure for school purposes in the same year was $4,431,370. LEGISLATION. Among the important measures passed at the legislative session of 1910 were the following: Measures were passed pro59,000 viding for agricultural education in the State. 216,000 The creation of drainage districts for the im155,000 proving of swamp lands in the State was au291,000 thorized. Acts were passed regulating the driv287,000 3,808,000 ing of automobiles in the State, setting a limit 3,864,000 of 20 miles an hour in rural districts, and 8,192,000 eight miles an hour on curves, hills and cross11,232,000 roads. Requirements for the admission to the 10,210,000 practice of law and medicine were revised, and a board for the examination and registration of dentists was created. It was made a misdemeanor for parents or guardians of children under fourteen years of age to refuse to support them. A constitutional amendment was submitted extending the legislative session from sixty to ninety days. The corporation act of the State was generally revised and changed. An act was passed making it a misdemeanor to swear over the telephone or to abuse a person or his female relatives in such a manner as to lead to a breach of the peace. The electric chair was substituted for the rope in the carrying out the death penalty. Several important measures were passed relative to the punishment of criminals. One of these permits minors under 17 years of age, depraved or vicious, or convicted as first offenders of crimes to be placed in homes or institutions instead of jails. The release of pris oners on probation under the care of a police POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT. The legislature probationary officer appointed by the judge was in session in 1910 and the most important under the supervision of the State charity commeasures passed will be found in the section mission is also permitted. A law was passed reLegislation below. On January 25 the legis- quiring all practicing physicians to report all lature re-elected John W. Daniel to the United cases of contagious or communicable disease to States Senate. Senator Daniel died on June the State Board of Health in order that it may 29, and on August 1 Governor Mann appointed send the patient proper instructions for regainas his successor Claude A. Swanson, a former ing his health and preventing contagion. The governor. Unlike most of the States Virginia Poard of Health was vested with general power held no election for governor in 1910 as Gov- of making and enforcing regulations for promoternor Mann's term does not expire until Feb- ing the public health, with respect to disinfecruary 1, 1914. The election for members of Con- tion, isolation, sewage, investigation of disease gress resulted in the uniform success of the and nuisances, and makes a violation of such Democratic candidates with one exception. C. regulations a misdemeanor. The liquor law of Bascomb Slemp, Republican, was elected from the State was revised and measures were passed the 9th district defeating Henry C. Stuart, permitting licensed incorporated country clubs, Democratic candidate, but the latter reduced a organized as social clubs, to dispense ardent Republican majority of more than 4000 to about spirits to members and to bona fide guests. The 250. The legislature authorized the appointment office of State accountant was created. He is to of a State Tax Commission, to consider tax re- devise and promulgate uniform systems for all form, the best method of equalization, to uncover State departments and institutions, and to inintangible properties and to recommend whether spect frequently the books and vouchers in order it shall be advisable to segregate properties for to report thereon to the legislature. A tax comtaxation-allowing the cities and counties to mission was appointed for the examination of collect and disburse revenues for all real and the existing tax system. The basis of the State personal properties for schools, criminal ex- tax on telephone companies was changed from penses and municipal and county governments, a rate by the instrument to a rate depending on the State to receive all revenues from rail the gross receipts. Changes were made also in roads, carriers of all sorts, and licenses, and to the taxation of insurance companies, express pay all State expenses, including interest on the companies, water, gas, light and power companpublic debt, and pensions and to devote a stipu- ies. The legislature submitted a constitutional lated sum for public education. That report will amendment, permitting the legislature to change be submitted when the General Assembly meets the form of municipal governments, subject to in 1912. Dr. Douglass S. Freeman, Richmond, the approval of the municipality affected. is the secretary of the commission. Colonel Mor- law was passed permitting cities of 10.000 to ton Marye, for twenty-seven years auditor of provide separate playgrounds for children of public accounts, died December 22. He was white and colored races. Important legislation succeeded by Captain S. R. Donohoe, of Fair- was enacted relating to white slaves, as a result fax. One of the significant acts of the Gen- of the agitation carried on in 1909-10. A State Officers. Governor, William H. Mann, Ecuador, 293 cases, 112 deaths; Mexico, 12 cases, Democrat; Lieutenant-Governor, J. T. Ellyson; 9 deaths; Venezuela, 21 cases, 9 deaths. Secretary of Commonwealth, B. O. James; First CHOLERA. There were 2 cases and 1 death Auditor, Morton Marye; Treasurer, A. W. Har- from this disease in New York City, imported man, Jr.; Superintendent of Instruction, J. D. on incoming steamships. There were many Eggleston; Attorney-General, Samuel W. Wil- thousands of cases in Russia and the East and liams; Commissioner of Agriculture, George W. a few in Europe distributed as follows: Arabia, Koiner; Commissioner of Insurance, Joseph 57 cases, 49 deaths; Austria-Hungary, 44 cases, Button-all Democrats. 19 deaths; China, 28 cases, 273 deaths (reported simply as "present" several months in the year); Germany, 36 cases, 16 deaths; India, 1344 cases, 1127 deaths; Indo-China, 80 cases, 54 deaths; Italy, 656 cases, 247 deaths; Japan, 800 cases, 393 deaths; Java, 2488 cases, 1552 deaths; Korea, 72 cases, 41 deaths; Madeira, 77 cases; Persia, 364 cases, 241 deaths; Philippine Islands, 9537 cases, 6890 deaths; Russia, 214,174 cases, 99,581 deaths; Servia, 11 cases, 3 deaths; Siam, 888 cases, 1031 deaths; Straits Settlements, 116 cases, 111 deaths; Tripoli, 253 cases, 198 deaths, Turkey, 572 cases, 299 deaths; Turkey in Asia, 2552 cases, 1764 deaths. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court of Appeals: President, James Keith; Justices, S. G. Whittle, John A. Buchanan, George M. Harrison, and Richard H. Cardwell; Clerk of the Court, H. Stewart Jones-all Democrats. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Democrats, Senate, 34; House, 87; joint ballot, 121; Independents and Republicans, Senate, 6; House, 13; joint ballot, 19; Democratic majority, Senate, 28; House, 74; joint ballot, 102. VIRGIN ISLANDS. A group of islands constituting a presidency of the Leeward Islands (q. v.). Area, 50 square miles. Population (1901), 4908. Births, (1908), 185 (80 illegitimate); deaths, 75; marriages, 27. Primary schools, 7, with 866 pupils; government grant £159. Cultivated area, 1000 acres. Cotton export (1908), 32,520 pounds. Imports (1908), £8629 (internal trade, £314); exports, £7150 (internal trade, £155). Tonnage entered and cleared, 14,422. Post-offices, 5. Revenue and expenditure for the year 1908-9, £4248 and £4693 respectively. No debt. Commissioner (1910), R. S. Earl. VITAL STATISTICS. The following statistics were compiled from the Public Health Reports of the United States Marine Hospital Service. These figures, while admittedly incomplete and often misleading, particularly in the case of foreign countries, are the best obtainable. SMALLPOX. There was a total of 26,763 cases of smallpox in the United States, with 329 deaths. The States suffering most heavily were: Alabama, 658 cases, 1 death; Colorado, 993 cases, 9 deaths; Florida, 281 cases, 1 death; Illinois, 556 cases; Indiana, 998 cases, 2 deaths; Iowa, 733 cases; Kansas, 2089 cases, 10 deaths; Louisiana, 711 cases, 9 deaths; Michigan, 2572 cases, 52 deaths; Minnesota, 962 cases, 9 deaths; Montana, 686 cases, 1 death; North Carolina, 3875 cases, 8 deaths; North Dakota, 307 cases, 2 deaths; Ohio, 739 cases, 4 deaths; Oklahoma, 2203 cases, 99 deaths; Tennessee, 658 cases, 4 deaths; Texas, 3044 cases, 69 deaths; Utah, 819 cases, 2 deaths; Virginia, 350 cases, 6 deaths; Washington, 471 cases, 14 deaths; Wiscousin, 263 cases. Among foreign countries considerable numbers of cases were reported from the following: Argentina, 662 deaths; Brazil, 1128 cases, 1530 deaths; Canada, 218 cases, 2 deaths; Chile, 550 cases; China, 245 cases, 248 deaths; Egypt, 1048 cases, 264 deaths; India, 44 cases, 1512 deaths; Italy, 811 cases, 76 deaths; Mexico, 64 cases, 268 deaths; Philippine Islands, 197 cases; Portugal, 1651 cases, 222 deaths; Russia, 3986 cases, 1809 deaths; Spain, 37 cases, 258 deaths; Straits Settlements, 693 cases, 233 deaths; Tripoli, 243 cases, 24 deaths; Uruguay, 1129 cases, 519 deaths. YELLOW FEVER. There were no cases of yellow fever reported in the United States during 1910 and only 2 cases in the Panama Canal Zone, and these were imported from the West Indies. The South American countries visited are as follows: Brazil, 469 cases, 435 deaths; PLAGUE. Two cases and 1 death occured in the United States-in California. In foreign countries the disease was distributed as follows: Arabia, 10 cases, 5 deaths; Argentina, 38 cases, 17 deaths; Brazil, 149 cases, 124 deaths; China, 114 cases, 3099 deaths; Chile, 303 cases, 96 deaths; Ecuador, 620 cases, 226 deaths; Egypt, 1097 cases, 448 deaths; Great Britain, 6 cases, 5 deaths; Hawaii, 11 cases, 8 deaths; India, 570,843 cases, 436,440 deaths; Indo-China, 121 cases, 53 deaths; Japan, 83 cases, 53 deaths; Manchuria, 335 cases, 321 deaths; Mauritius, 255 cases, 146 deaths; Russia, 633 cases, 453 deaths; Siam, 131 cases, 121 deaths; Turkey in Asia, 175 cases, 157 deaths; Venezuela, 17 cases, 13 deaths. DEATH RATE. According to the "Bulletin of Mortality Statistics" for 1909, issued by the Census Bureau of the Department of Commerce and Labor, the total number of deaths in the registration area of the United States (comprising about one-half of the population) was 732,538. The death-rate per thousand was 15 (or, according to the revised figures, 14.4), the lowest ever recorded. Of this total 398,597, or 54.4 per cent., were males, and 333,941, or 45.6 per cent., females; while 732,538, or 268 per cent. of the deaths were among children under 5 years of age, and 140,057, or 19.1 per cent, were infants under one year of age. During 1910 the total deaths from all causes reported to the Department of Health of the City of New York numbered 76,742, making a death-rate of 15.98 per thousand. This rate is a little lower than that of 1909 (16 per thousand), and is the lowest recorded for the city. Upon analysis it is found that all causes of death which are amenable to sanitary control show a decrease, being the following: Tuberculosis, with a decrease of 1840; diarrheal diseases, under five years of age, 1151; diphtheria and croup, 608; typhoid fever, 258; whooping cough, 167; measles, 165; malarial fevers, 93; smallpox, 89; scarlet fever, 32. Other prominent causes showing decrease were apoplexy, 1974; pneumonia, 2203; acute bronchitis, 850; Bright's disease and acute nephritis, 1317; accidental deaths, 733, and suicides, 153. The diseases showing increases were: Cancer, 230; organic heart disease, 93; cirrhosis of the liver, 25; appendicitis, 23; and homicides, 63. The deaths of children under five years of age numbered 6022 less than during the perceding year. During VITAL STATISTICS 1910 there were 129,080 births, the greatest number ever reported in New York city, corresponding to a birth-rate of 26.55 per thousand of the population. The marriages reported were 46,417, an increase of 4904 over 1909. See paragraph on population in articles on countries. VON LEYDEN, ERNST A German pathologist, died, October 5, 1910. He was born in Danzig, in 1832 and was educated at the Friedrich Wilhelm Institute at Berlin From 1854 to 1865 he served as a military surgeon and in the latter year became a professor in the medical VIVISECTION. Anti-vivisection agitation school at Königsberg. In 1872 he went, in the was kept up largely through the efforts of one same capacity, to the University of Strassburg New York newspaper in that State, and two and in 1876 he was appointed as successor to bills were presented to the legislature and an Ludwig Traube, the famous German clinician at attempt made to establish a commission to in- Berlin. He was an eminent authority on cancer. vestigate the practice of vivisection and He contributed many articles to the Zeitschrift animal experimentation. The commission was für klinische Medizin, a medical magazine which to consist of seven persons: two physicians or he helped to found in 1879. His best known scientists, two active anti-vivisectionists, two work is Klinik der Rückenmarkskrankheiten. He lawyers, and one member at large. The Ameri- was a member of the Foreign Medical Society, the can Medical Association, through its council on Institute of France and the Academy of Upsala. the defense of medical research, had already VORSE, ALBERT WHITE. An American aumade a careful investigation of all American thor and editor, died June 15, 1910. He was medical schools and laboratories in which ani- born at Littleton, Mass., in 1866 and graduated mal experimentation was carried on. This in- from Harvard College in 1889. He engaged in vestigation showed that every care is taken to journalism and in 1891-3 served on the staff avoid the infliction of pain on animals used for of the Philadelphia Press, accompanying the experimental purposes, and reliable safeguards Peary Relief Expedition to Greenland in 1892 against the careless use of animals are already as a representative of that paper. In 1893-4 in existence. Practically all of the laboratories he was music critic of the New York Mail and engaged in research had voluntarily adopted Express and from 1894 to 1896 was literary regulations which governed the conditions under editor of the Boston Commonwealth. He acted which animals were used for experimentation, for a short time as dramatic editor of the Iland the responsibility had been placed on lustrated American and as literary adviser to the directors of the laboratory. Any pro- G. P. Putnam's Sons. In 1900-1 he was associate cedure involving a degree of suffering editor of the Criterion, and was assistant mangreater than that accompanying anesthetiza- aging editor of the New International Encyclotion can be used only with the director's pædia from 1901 to 1903. He was a member of permission. Such regulations have been in force in some institutions for many years. It is interesting to note that, according to British experience, the discovery of satisfactory conditions in the medical laboratories has no effect in allaying the antivivisection agitation, for although conditions in these institutions have been shown again and again to be humane, antivivisection societies have multiplied, and at present there are fifteen societies in Great Britain energetically striving for the absolute abolition of animal experimentation. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION. See EDUCA TION IN THE UNITED STATES. VOGUE, EUGENE MARIE MELCHIOR, Vicomte de. A French littérateur and academician, died in March, 1910. He was born at Nice in 1848. He served in the French army during the FrancoPrussian War. He was successively attached to the French embassy at Constantinople, the legation in Egypt and the embassy at St. Petersburg. At the latter Court he passed seven years and in 1882 gave up the diplomatic service to devote himself to literature. In 1888 he was made a member of the French Academy. It was largely through his efforts that Russian novelists first became known in France and afterwards throughout the English speaking world. He was a regular contributor to the Revue des Deux Mondes, and wrote for other periodicals. His more important publications include: Syrie, Palestine, Mont Athos (1876), Histoires orientales (1879); Le roman russe (1886); Regards historiques et littéraires (1892); Heures d'histoire (1893); Cœurs russes (1894); Le rappel des ombres (1900); Pages d'histoire (1902); and the novel Les morts qui palent (1899). VON AEHRENTHAL, Count. See AusTRIA-HUNGARY. VON BIENERTH, Baron. See AUSTRIA HUNGARY. the American Geographical Society and the National Geographic Society. He was the author of The Laughter of the Sphinx (1900) and of the chapters on Japan under the Constitution" in the volume on Japan in the "Story of the Nations" series. 66 VOSE, GEORGE LEONARD. An American educator and engineer, died April, 1910. He was born in 1831 and was educated at the Lawrence Scientific School From 1860 to 1864 he was associate editor of the American Railway Times, and from 1872 to 1882 was professor of civil engineering at Bowdoin College. From 1882 to 1886 he occupied the same position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. An WADDELL, LOUISE (FORSSLUND). American writer, died May 2, 1910. She was born in 1873. Her first published work was The Story of Sarah, and it was followed by The Ship of Dreams and other stories of Long Island. In 1907 she married Charles Carey Waddell. She was a graduate of Packer Collegiate Institute. WAGES, RAILWAY EMPLOYES'. See RAILWAYS. WAKE, CHARLES STANILAND. An English anthropologist, died June 22, 1910. He was born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England, in 1835, and was educated at Hull College. He was for a time a director of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland and was a member of the general committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1895 he became connected with the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and this connection continued until the time of his death. Among his published writings are Chapters on Man (1862), The Evolution of Morality (1878). The Origin and Significance of the Great Pyramid (1882), Serpent Worship and Other Essays (1888), The Development of Marriage and Kinship (1889), Vortex Philisophy, or the Geometry |