AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

maintains three universities, and, as in Austria, there are many special and technical schools.

AGRICULTURE. The area in thousands of hectares (2.471 acres) planted to the principal crops, in 1908, and their production in thousands of metric quintals (220.46 pounds) were as follows:

Other important events of the year were the opening of a new mail service reducing the time between Australia and England by fifty-eight hours, and the appointment of Sir George Reid as Australian High Commissioner in London. During the latter part of the year there was much discussion of an Imperial Conference and the measures to be laid before it. The Commonwealth government finally agreed Rye on the date for the next meeting of the conference, namely, May 22, 1911.

The tenth anniversary of the Commonwealth was completed at the close of the year. Its achievements were at that time thus summed

up:
“(1) The formal acquisition of its own capital
site and territory; (2) the attainment of direct
control over the Northern Territory; (3) finan-
cial independence owing to the expiration of
the Braddon clause of the constitution; (4)
the assumption of responsibility for self-defense
by the commencement of active operations for
compulsory training under the Defense Act.
The prospects of internal development by im-
migration, closer settlement, and railway decen-
tralization are now brighter than they have been
at any previous period of Federal existence."
See also articles NAVAL PROGRESS and EXPLORA-
TION, paragraphs on Australasia.

AUSTRALIAN TARIFF. See TARIFF. A constitutional monarchy of Central Europe, consisting of the Austrian Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom, united under one sovereign, besides the common territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (annexed October 5, 1908). The capital of Austria is Vienna, and of Hungary, Budapest.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

AREA AND POPULATION. The area of Austria is 115,905 square miles; of Hungary, 125,608; of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 19.702; total, 261,215 square miles. According to the census of December 31, 1900, the population of Austria was 26, 150,708, and of Hungary, 19,254,559. Included in the figures for Hungary are those for Croatia and Slavonia, with 16,410 square miles and 2,416,304 inhabitants. Emigration from Austria and Hungary respectively: 1907, 177,354 and 209,174; 1908, 56,214 and 45,061; 1909, 143,532 and 128,734. The largest cities, with estimated population December 31, 1908, are: In Austria Vienna, 2,107,981; Prague, 233,334; Lemberg, 188,566; Gratz, 162,160; Trieste, 223, 340; Brünn, 122,725; Cracow, 157,251; in Hungary-Budapest, 935,132; Szegedin, 117,751; Maria-Theresiople, 91,787; Debreczin, 90,808.

Oats

Wheat
Barley
Corn
Mixed grain.

Pulse
Hemp seed..
Flaxseed

Tobacco

Hops
Potatoes

Sugar beets.
Other beets..

Vines

Thousands of hectoliters of wine.

In Austria in 1908, 1,124,000 hectares under clover produced 3,873,500 metric tons of hay, and 114,538 hectares, 220,878 quintals of seed; 3,435,000 hectares of meadow yielded 8,699,800 tons of hay. Silk cocoons: Austria, 2,180,065 kilogrammes; Hungary, 1,677,000. The hop yield of the monarchy in 1908 was 43,239,240 pounds and in 1909 20,646,780 pounds; in the two years respectively Bohemia produced 31,900,000 and 11,066,000 pounds; all other Austria, 9,338.120 and 7,600,780; Hungary, 2,001,120 and 1,980,000. Crop yields in Hungary proper in 1909 and official estimates for 1910 are reported as follows, in bushels: Wheat, 113,352,000 and 184,789,000 respectively; rye, 44,858,000 and 57,096,000; barley, 71,868,000 and 63,601,000; oats, 92,270,000 and 79,308,000; corn, 161,860,000 and 192,336,000; potatoes, 183,523,000 and 171,902,000. Wheat production of the monarchy in 1909 is reported as follows: Austria, 58,468,000 bushels; Hungary, 113,352,000; Croatia and Slavonia, 12,556,000; Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2,594,000; total, 186,970,000 against 230,577,000 in 1908, 185,217,000 in 1907, and 268,708,000 in 1906.

MINING. In Austria, the total value of mining products (exclusive of salt, petroleum, etc.), was 295,486,865 kronen in 1907 and 317,833,337 kronen in 1908; smelting products, 132,807,655 and 136,920,722 respectively. The most important metal is iron, the ore produced in 1908 amounting to 2,632,407 metric tons, valued at 22,629,416 kronen; pig iron, 1,466,897 tons, valued at 117,158,715 kronen, against 109,696,000 kronen in 1907, 83,227,000 in 1905, and 82,304,000 in 1900. The values of other raw metals and of coal produced are reported as follows, in thousands of kronen:

EDUCATION. Elementary instruction is free and compulsory throughout the monarchy. In Austria there were at the end of 1907 21,478 elementary schools, with 97,019 teachers and 4,152,643 pupils; children of school age, 4,542,666; training colleges, 128. In 1910 gymnasia numbered 278 (95,867 students); realschulen, 144 (47,519). There are various technical, profes- Zinc sional, and special schools with a large number Lead of students. Eight universities are maintained by the state.

In Hungary, there were in 1908 2659 infant schools, with 232,140 infants; 19,170 elementary schools, with 43,203 teachers and 2,827,888 pupils; children of school age, 3,573,475; training colleges, 95, with 1143 teachers and 10,724 students; gymnasia, 184, with 3630 and 59,199; realschulen, 44, with 967 and 13,231. The state

Silver
Mercury
Copper
Coal
Lignite

The coal raised in 1908 amounted to 13,875,538 metric tons; brown coal, 26,728,926; iron ore, 2,632,407, valued at 22,629,416 kronen; salt, 358,133 tons, 48,403,553 kronen; graphite, 44,

425 tons, 1,725,488 kronen; raw gold, 485,243 and its manufactures; zz precious metals (inkronen. Persons employed, in Austria, in 1907: cluding coin and bullion). In mining, 143,490; in smelting, 9112; in salt works, 6947 (6874 in 1908).

In Hungary, the values of the principal mineral and smelting products have been as follows, a ..301,963,924 326,944,480 in thousands of kronen:

Imports

Exports

1908

1909

b ..212,485,455 264,987,262
C 44,962,863 220,651,517 141,339,336
d ..222,187,031 217,083,345 356,409,351

91,388,424

99,046,884

118,157,500

340,948,761

W

.. 21,314,617

22,301,409

Persons employed, in Hungary, in 1908, in mining and smelting, 81,053, and in salt works, 2532.

t

น

y

7,158,013 32,113,205

zz .128,709,125 285,131,826

67,425,622 66,940,483

commercially most important were valued in Imports from and exports to the countries 1908 and 1909 in thousands of kronen:

MANUFACTURES. Manufacturing industries S have acquired much more importance in Austria than in Hungary. The leading manufactures in- V clude cotton textiles, iron and steel goods, sugar, alcohol and spirits, beer, tobacco, woodenwares, paper, earthenwares, glass, and leather goods. ź The latest comprehensive statistics for Austria are for 1902, when productive industries numbered 652,424 (629,809 principal and 22,615 subsidiary), with 2,869,457 employes and 1,558,582 horsepower; trade and transport, 399,412 in dustries (370,302 principal and 29,110 subsidiary), with 716,299 employes and 229,285 horsepower; in home industries, 463,564 workers; persons dependent on all these industries, over 7,000,000. For Hungary, the latest comprehensive figures are for 1900, when the workers in the various industries (including trade, etc.) numbered 1,127,730, and the total number dependent thereon, over 2,600,000.

COMMERCE. The following table shows, in thousands of kronen, the special trade in merchandise of the common customs territory of the monarchy (imports for consumption and exports of domestic produce) and the imports and exports of coin and bullion:

Values in kronen of the leading imports and exports, in the special trade, in 1908 and 1909 are shown in the table below. The letters at the left indicate: a cotton and its manufactures; b wool and its manufactures; c cereals, flour, etc.; d coal and other fuel; e vegetables, fruits, etc.; f animal products; g iron and steel and their manufactures; h other common metals and their manufactures; i machines, apparatus, etc.; electrical machinery, apparatus, etc.; k vehicles and vessels; instruments, watches, etc.; m silk and silk goods; n flax, hemp, jute, etc., and their manufactures; o colonial produce; p leather and its manufactures; q chemicals, byproducts, etc.; r minerals; s tobacco; t rubber and its manufactures; u sugar; v cattle and draft animals; w apparel, etc.; a wood and bone manufactures; y glass and glassware; paper

Total ..180,377

Aus.-H...142,670

16,498,481 141,718 16,277,480

The merchant marine at the beginning of 1909 included 429 steamers, of 447,786 tons, and 14,570 sailing vessels, of 49,328 tons. These figures include 13,077 fishing vessels, of 25,371 tons.

COMMUNICATIONS. The total railway mileage at the beginning of 1910 is reported at 27,058, of which 13,849 were in Austria, 12,793 in Hungary, and 416 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Of the Austrian lines, about seven-tenths, and of the Hungarian about four-fifths, are owned or operated by the state. Austria has about 4200 miles of navigable river and canal, 830 miles being navigable for steamers; Hungary, about 3200 miles, 2450 being navigable for steamers. Postoffices, 1908; Austria, 9706; Hungary, 5773; Bosnia and Herzegovina, 137; foreign, 42. Telegraphs, 1908: Austria, 6698 offices, with 27,570 miles of line and 137,920 of wire; Hungary, 4199 offices, with 16,163 and 89,671;

27

77

In Hungary, the revenue in 1908 was 1,531,368,000 kronen (ordinary, 1,409,321,000); expenditure, 1,616,245,000 kronen (ordinary, 1, 319,539,000; sinking fund, 200,390,000). For 1910 the total estimated revenue was 1,555,777,976 kronen (including 161,992,281 extraordinary) and the total estimated expenditure 1,- Military service is compulsory and enforced 555,729,907 kronen (including sinking fund, on all citizens between 19 and 34 years of age 163,063,554). The larger items of estimated or in both countries. It consists of service in the dinary revenue were: Railways, 327,470,000 common army for 3 years, then 7 years in the kronen; excise, 246,835,000; direct taxes, 240,- reserve, 2 years in the Landwehr reserve and 822,000; tobacco monopoly, 144,152,000. The final enrollment in the Landsturm until the larger estimated expenditures: Ministry of period of military service is finished.

NAVY. At the end of 1910, the effective navy included: 8 first-class battleships, of 115,300 tons displacement (Erzherzog Karl, Erzherzog Friedrich, Erzherzog Ferdinand Max, 10,600 each; Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, Zrinyi, Radetzki, 14,500 each; Tegetthoff, Kaiser Franz Josef, 20,000 each); 3 first-class armored cruisers, of 19,020 tons (Kaiserin Maria Theresia, 5270 tons; Kaiser Karl VI., 6250; Sankt Georg, 7500); 6 coast-defense vessels, aggregating 41,700 tons; 3 cruisers, aggregating 11,500 tons; 3 small cruisers, aggregating 7050 tons; 14 torpedo-boat destroyers, 5762 tons; 47 torpedo boats, 7155 tons; 12 submarines, 3336 tons. In addition there are transports, gunboats, old vessels, etc., not included in the effective navy.

The contingent for the year 1910 was fixed and the Hungarian political crisis. As to the as follows: For the common army of the Empire "forward policy," it had not caused the pre(including the navy) 103,100, of which number dicted disasters. The annexation of Bosnia and 59,024 were recruited in Austria; for the Aus- Herzegovina, which took place in October, 1908, trian Landwehr, 19,204. The Hungarian contin- was followed early in 1909 by a peaceful adjustgent it was claimed during the year would have ment with Turkey and, although war with Servia to be increased as the regiments of infantry were seemed at one time inevitable, all danger of it much too weak and various reforms in organiza- was averted when Servia in March, 1909, finally tion were in progress during the year. expressed in the terms demanded by Austria her complete acquiescence. After this threatening crisis, during which Austria made active preparations for war and even mobilized her troops on the frontiers, the fear of any immediate European conflict over the Balkan question subsided. In this imbroglio with Servia, Russia incurred the bitter criticism of the Slavs by her sudden change of front in what was supposed to be her definite policy in the matter of the annexation. She had from the first steadily favored a European conference on the Treaty of Berlin, but in March, 1909, while the Powers were considering the form of words which Servia should employ in response to the Austrian demands, Russia suddenly announced her agreement to the Austro-Turkish understanding and her recognition of the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as an accomplished fact, without any reference to the European conference or to international ratification. The Russian Foreign Minister, M. Isvolsky, was sharply criticised and the action of the Russian government was attributed to the fear of war with Germany. In the press generally this sudden and unqualified acceptance of the annexation was regarded as a back-down on the part of Russia and as a triumph for German diplomacy.

GOVERNMENT. The sovereign of the monarchy in 1910 was Franz Josef I., of the House of Hapsburg, who was born August 18, 1830, and became Emperor of Austria December 2, 1848, and King of Hungary June 8, 1867. His nephew, Franz Ferdinand, born in 1863, is the heir-presumptive. The Emperor-King directs the common administration, under the constitutional compromise of 1867, being assisted by a ministry of three members, for foreign affairs, finance, and war, who are responsible to the two Delegations (of 60 members each), representing respectively the Austrian and Hungarian Parliaments. The Delegations, which convene each year, alternately at Vienna and at Budapest, examine the requirements of the common services and advise the Parliaments as to necessary appropriations. The common government deals with finance relating to the monarchy as a whole, the army and navy, foreign affairs, the diplomatic, postal, and telegraphic services and certain state monopolies, The ministers at the end of 1910 were: Premier and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Count Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal (appointed 1906); Finance, Baron Stephan Burian von Rajecz (1903); War, General Baron Franz von Schönaich (1906); Premier of Austria, Dr. R. Baron von Bienerth; of Hungary, Count Charles Khuen-Hedervary (appointed January 18, 1910).

Austria and Hungary have each a representa tive parliament of two houses and a responsible ministry appointed by the sovereign. Croatia and Slavonia and each province of Austria has a separate diet.

HISTORY

RECENT HISTORY. During the last three years the spectacular events which marked AustriaHungary's so-called "forward policy" have so absorbed public attention outside the monarchy that comparatively little has been said about the ever present and serious internal problem of the rival nationalities. In 1910 racial antagonisms were conspicuously shown on many occasions and greatly enhanced the difficulty of parliamentary government. The important features of the political situation in 1910 were the embarrassment of the government with its small majority in dealing with the conflicting interests of the nationalities, the pressing need of fiscal reform in view of the rapidly increasing expenses,

In the latter part of 1909 writers on diplomatic affairs were engaged in a controversy as to the real responsibility for the annexation policy. On the one hand it was said that M. Isvolsky had agreed to annexation in advance, having committed himself to it at a meeting with Count von Aehrenthal at Buchlau in September, 1908. On the other hand that interview received widely different interpretations. Charges of bad faith were made by the partisans of both Ministers. Discussion of this subject continued during the opening months of 1910, being of especial interest in connection with the attempt of the Russian and Austrian governments to renew the friendly ties which had been broken by the annexation.

RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA. Early in the year negotiations took place between the two chancelleries with the aim of coming to an understanding on the Balkan question. On February 9, 1910, M. Isvolsky announced through his Ambassador at Vienna the Russian government's readiness to exchange views on the subject of the Balkan question, but declared that such an exchange of views ought to take a form that admitted of the participation of all the interested Powers. Therefore the Russian government proposed the following points which should later be brought to the attention of the other Powers: First, maintenance of the status quo in the Balkan Peninsula; second, the support and consolidation of the new régime in Turkey; third, the independence, consolidation and peaceful development of the small Balkan states. On February 20, 1910, the Austrian Cabinet replied that there was at present no menace to the status quo in the Balkans, that if internal disorders or wars should arise in the Balkan states, such an exchange of views between the two coun

79