he was released from prison pending his trial and was admitted to bail. His acquittal caused general surprise as it was almost universally assumed that he would be found guilty. His family and friends were so certain of his conviction that they donned mourning garments on the morning of the conclusion of the trial. Madame Breshkovsky (or Breschkowskaya), also a revolutionist, was tried at the same time on similar charges and was found guilty. Madame Breshkovsky was well known in the United States where she had many prominent friends. She was sentenced to be exiled. TSETSE FLY. See SLEEPING SICKNESS. TUBERCULIN. During the past few years, attention has been mainly directed to the value of tuberculin as a means of diagnosis rather than as a curative agency. The diagnostic possibilities of the substance having apparently been exhausted, a renewed interest manifested itself during 1910 as to its curative powers. Koch's "old" tuberculin, a simple glycerin extract of a filtered culture of human tubercle bacilli, proved to be the most reliable of several different forms of the serum. When a proper dose of this material was injected, or otherwise introduced into the circulation, a febrile reaction appeared, if tuberculosis existed in the individual so tested. The reaction to an injection of tuberculin was, therefore, looked upon as a proof, in clinically doubtful cases, of the existence of the disease. Further study showed that latent and harmless processes might cause a response to the tuberculin test, although they were of no clinical importance, and the subject could not, in fact, be considered tuberculous. Therefore, the test might be misleading. According to one observer, tubercle bacilli which were leading a saphrophytic existence in the bronchial secretions of a patient suffering from cancer of the lung were responsible for a positive tubercular reaction and a mistaken diagnosis. It was formerly thought that the febrile reaction was a necessary and desirable phenomenon which attended the injection of tuberculin, and doses were gradually increased until such a reaction was provoked. Of late, the majority opinion has been that systemic reactions were both harmful and unnecessary. According to Gabrilowitch, Koch's "old" tuberculin contains not only the active curative principle, but certain toxic albuminous substances which are the cause of the reaction observed. Gabrilowitch, therefore, eliminated, by means of chemical reagents, these toxic constituents, and secured an active but nonintoxicating serum, which he called tuberculinum purum. With this, he was able to increase the dose rapidly, without giving rise to discomfort to the patient, or provoking a reaction. He reported that the remedy reduced fever, increased weight, induced healing, and lessened the number of tubercle bacilli in the sputum, in patients in the first and second stages of pulmonary tuberculosis Deal went further, and used the remedy in advanced cases. He reported arrest of the disease in several cases, and a decided improvement in the symptoms of all. Poppelmann, having in mind the same object-namely, that of administering tuberculin, while avoiding severe systemic reaction-used the von Pirquet technique of vaccination with tuberculin. The blade of a scalpel is dipped in the "old" tuberculin, and the droplet thus taken up is spread on the skin of the upper TUBERCULOSIS arm. The skin is then scratched with a single stroke of the scalpel, as in ordinary vaccination. After the disappearance of local and general reaction another scratch is made, crossing the first. Then two more scratches are added on succeeding vaccinations. Poppelmann finds numerous advantages in this method over the usual more complicated techniques, in the mildness, constancy, and more gradual action of the tuberculin given in this way. He believes that the skin possesses certain biologic factors which enhance the curative and tonic action of tuberculin thus given. See VETERINARY SCIENCE. TUBERCULOSIS. Robert Koch (q. v.), the discoverer of the bacillus of tuberculosis, died on May 27, 1910. His last word on the subject, a lecture before the Berlin Academy of Sciences, shortly before his death, dealt with the epidemiology of the disease and the causes which influence its death rate. Koch directed attention to the remarkable lowering of the mortality in recent years. In Prussia, and in fact in the whole of Germany, a decrease began in 1886, which has gone on steadily until, in 1908, the death rate had fallen 50 per cent. The discovery of the baccillus causing tuberculosis, established the fact of its transmissibility, and made possible intelligent preventive measures. A steadily progressing reduction in mortality started a few years after the discovery of the bacillus, except in a few places. In searching for the cause of this, Koch found that institutional care of the tuberculous-isolation-was the important factor and a better showing undoubtedly followed adequate sanitary facilities. In Great Britain, conditions are especially significant. The death rate from tuberculosis is decreasing in England and in Scotland, while in Ireland the mortality is slowly rising. Newsholme, investigating the question with the greatest care, reached the conclusion that the methods of caring for the tuberculous poor accounted for the difference. In England and Scotland, they are cared for in institutions, while in Ireland this is not always the case. In Norway, also, since special institutions were established, the death rate has fallen. The character of living and sleeping rooms is also a determining influence in the spread of tuberculosis. In Germany, for example, the highest mortality is not in the poorest districts, but in the relatively prosperous places along the North Sea, where the beds are placed in small, cell-like rooms, from which air is carefully excluded during the night. Koch concludes that the decrease of tuberculosis is to be looked for largely from isolation of the tuberculous in especially equipped sanitoria, and from improvement of sleeping and living rooms. The sixth annual meeting of the National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis was held in Washington, D. C., May 2d and 3d. Reports to the Association showed that there had been a steady increase in the number of bodies organized to fight tuberculosis; State and local anti-tuberculosis associations had increased from 297 to 431, a gain of 134; the number of special dispensaries had grown from 222 to 286; the number of special sanitoria and hospitals increased from 294 to 393, and the number of beds for the tuberculosis cases had increased from 15,244 to 22,720; eleven State legislatures had enacted laws dealing with the disease. A report issued by the Association showed that the average cost of caring for tuberculosis patients in thirty 523 other Europeans). The capital has about semi-charitable sanitoria scattered throughout 200,000 inhabitants (Europeans, 61,000) Public the United States is $1.67 per day. Expenses schools (1906), 184, with 22,366 pupils. The were twice as high in the West and Southwest Mohammedans maintain 1424 primary schools, as in the East. The aggregate expenditure was and a university at Tunis. The bulk of the $1,364,000, and the receipts $1,548,000, 70 per population is Mohammedan, under the Sheikcent. of which came from public appropriations ul-Islam. and public contributions, and the remainder from patients. It was estimated that there are 300,000 indigent consumptives in the United States, and that it would cost $50,000,000 yearly to take care of them in institutions. Laboratory workers devoted a good deal of labor to investigating the question as to whether or not tubercle bacilli circulated in the blood of persons having localized tuberculous processes. Over a year ago Rosenberger announced that he was able to detect considerable numbers of the bacilli in the blood of practically all cases of tuberculosis. Although many other competent and careful observers declared that they were unable to confirm this report, Rosenberger still reiterated his findings, and the controversy remained unsettled This led to the examination of water for tubercle bacilli, and it was demonstrated that "acid fast" bacilli closely resembling the tubercle bacillus existed (to what extent is still a subject of dispute) in water. It was also demonstrated experimentally that even when large numbers of bacilli were thrown into the circulation, they disappeared from the blood with great rapidity. See also VETERINARY SCIENCE. TUCKER, T. G. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. TUFTS COLLEGE. An institution of higher learning at Tufts College, Mass., founded in 1852. In 1910-11 there were 1140 students enrolled in the several departments of the college, while the faculty numbered 172. During the year the faculty lost through death David Lee Maulsby (q. v.), professor of English literature and oratory. Alfred Church Lane, formerly head of the Board of Geological Survey of Michigan was appointed Pearson professor of geology and mineralogy. Mrs. Caroline S. Davies, formerly headmistress of St. Peter's School, Bayswater, London, was appointed dean of the women. Hinckley Gilbert Mitchell, D. D., was appointed professor of Hebrew and Old Testament exegesis. Colin Alexander Scott, formerly head of the department of psychology at the Boston Normal School, was appointed professor of psychology and education. Richard C. Jones, Ph. D., professor of English at Vanderbilt University, was appointed professor of English literature to succeed Professor Maulsby. Among the benefactions received during the year were those of Catherine Conant, $5000; G H. Frye, $10,000; and Caroline D. M. Ballard, $2000. The productive funds of the college amounted to about $1,290,000 and the income to about $53,000. Beginning with the year 1910-11, co-education in the college was discontinued and women are being provided for in Jackson College for Women. The President is F. W. Hamilton, D. D., LL. D. TUNGSTEN. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS; also CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL. TUNIS. A French protectorate in northern Africa. Capital, Tunis. AREA, POPULATION, ETC. Estimated area, 64,600 square miles; population (1908), 1,926,650 (1,703.142 natives-mostly Bedouin Arabs and Kabyles; 65,213 Jews, 38,770 French, 119, PRODUCTION. Agriculture is the chief occupation of the people. Area under wheat (1908), 1,087,258 acres (yield, 2,837,700 bushels); barley, 1,099,613 (6,313,882); oats, 1,005,713 (4,905,589). Olive groves cover about 200,000 hectares (exports, 1908, 16,796 metric tons of oil); cork forests, 202,600 (export, 3971 tons). In the south are about 1,250,000 date palms (export, 4631 tons). Wine output (1908), 2,200,088 gallons. Livestock (1909): 158,062 cattle; 833,562 sheep; 31,870 horses; 78,002 donkeys; 16,592 mules; 476,386 goats; 14,644 swine. Mines in operation (1907), 32. Exports of mining products: phosphates (1908), 1,267,464 tons; iron, 74,299 (1907) copper ore, 937 tons; lead ore, 23,158; zine ore, 32.487. Value of fisheries products (1907), 2,162,000 francs. COMMERCE, ETC. The trade by countries in 1909 is seen below (values in millions of francs), with totals for three years: Principal articles of export (1909): phosphate, 28,405,000 francs; barley, 13,498,000; wheat, 4,923,000; esparto, 4,848,000; fish, 3,958,000; olive oil, 3,244,000; skins, 3,090,000; animals, 2,780,000; sponges, 1,902,000; wine, 1,445,000; woolens, 1,242,000. Vessels entered (1909), 12,609, of 4,156,119 tons. Length of railways (1909), 768 miles; telegraph lines, 2576; wires, 8917; offices, 132; post-offices, 415. FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT. Estimated reve nue (1910), 65,987,948 francs (monopolies, 14,637,000; indirect taxes, 14,128,700; direct taxes, 11,910,600; domains, 2.921,800; various, 3,602,240; extraordinary, 18,781,608). Estimated expenditure, 65,985,514 francs (finance, 26,420,535; public works, 21,562,698; administration, 6,466,725; instruction, 3,716,604; posts and telegraphs, 3,583,460; agriculture, etc., 2,723,780; army, 1,151,712; various, 360,000). Debt (end of 1906), 232 181,500 francs. The reigning bey is Sidi-Mohammed en Nasser, born July 14, 1855; succeeded, May 12, 1906. Heir-presumptive, Sidi-Mohammed el Habib, born August 13, 1858. French resident-general (1910), G. F. Alapetite. TUNNELS. The year 1910 was notable for the completion of large and important tunnels, particularly the East River and the Hudson River tubes of the Pennsylvania Railroad. These were put in operation during the year, as mentioned under RAILROADS. Also the Detroit River tunnel, whose electrical equipment was scribed in the 1909 YEAR BOOK, was regularly opened for both passenger and freight traffic. de TRANS-ANDINE TUNNEL. In South America, the inauguration of traffic through the TransAndine tunnel marked the establishment of rail communication between the two oceans and joined Chile and Argentina by a trip of not longer duration than thirty-four hours for passenger trains. This tunnel is at an elevation of 10,600 feet above sea-level, and is on the Chilean side of the international boundary. It is about two miles in length and of single track width. MONT D'OR TUNNEL. Between France and Switzerland work was commenced on a tunnel through Mont d'Or, to avoid a long detour that now exists, carrying the line over the steep grades of the Jura mountains by way of Pontarlier. In winter, there was much interruption to traffic on account of snows on the portion of the route between Frasne and Vallorbe; and the new line, although but little shorter, will save much time. The two governments have granted a subsidy of $2,250,000 for the work which was being executed by the Paris, Lyons & Mediterranean system. As the tunnel was to be about ten miles in length, electrical operation, probably with three-phase alternating current, will be used. TURKEY great undertaking is being asisted by the Federal government to the extent of $1,200,000, and it is hoped to have it in operation in the early part of 1913. The construction of the tunnel, including drills, pumps, and ventilating blowers, is entirely by means of compressed air furnished from two compressing plants; and as the work progresses the debris is removed in cars hauled by compressed air locomotives. See also AQUEDUCTS. ELBE TUNNEL, HAMBURG. In Germany, a tunnel was under construction during the year 1910 for the purpose of connecting the two parts of the city of Hamburg, separated by the river Elbe. The tunnel consists of two tubes 19 feet in diameter and 26 feet apart laid about 65 feet below mean tide level of the river. The tubes are of steel, the sections riveted together and lined with concrete. Compressed air was employed during the progress of the tunneling, and at each end there is a vertical shaft to the surface of the street, 72 feet in diameter and supplied with six elevators. Two elevators were to be used exclusively for heavy and bulky vehicles, two for those of medium size and weight, and two for passengers only. It is expected that the tunnels will be in use in the spring of 1911. The total estimated cost was $2,400,000. TURANITE. See MINERALOGY. BUILDING. See STEAM ENGINE and SHIP TURKEY, or THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. A constitutional monarchy in southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, and northern Africa. Capital, Constantinople. LOETSCHBERG TUNNEL. Another difficult and costly undertaking in Switzerland was the tunnel being constructed through the Loetschberg, one of the Bernese Alps, which would bring the railway line from Berne by way of Spiez on Lake of Thun, to Brig, at the north portal of the Simplon tunnel; and will bring the line from Italy into direct communication with the region around Berne and western Switzerland. This tunnel under the Loetschberg will be 9.04 miles long from portal to portal, of which distance there will be 7.6 miles of 0.7 of 1 per cent. grade, from the north portal, then 1975 feet level, followed by 6.3 miles of descending grade partly 0.24 of 1 per cent. and partly 0.38 of 1 per cent. until the south portal is reached. In addition to this there are three curves of 3608 feet radius, a portion of the line having been re-located after construction started on account of a disastrous cave-in at a point where Turkey in Europe it crossed a prehistoric gorge. AREA AND POPULATION. The area and population (both estimates), not including the nominal dependencies or tributary states of Egypt, Crete, Cyprus, and Samos (qq. v.), are given below: Asia Minor Armenia and Kurdistan 72,000 2,471.000 114,600 2,890,000 131,700 1,398,000 Turkey in Asia, total Total.. Both the north and south approaches of the tunnel involve unusual difficulties. From Frutigen, 344 miles from Berne, it is 13.6 miles to the north portal of the tunnel, and of this distance, only one-tenth is level track, and twothirds of it is on 2.5 and 2.7 per cent. grades. Tripoli and Benghazi Furthermore, one-half of this 13.6 mile stretch is curved, the radii ranging from 984 feet to 4593 feet; and there are thirteen bridges and viaducts and twelve tunnels, two of which are 3280 feet long. One of these tunnels is noteworthy because it is helicoidal, and another is 4478 feet long and makes a right-angle bend in the line where it traverses a mountain in a group to the north of the Loetschberg. Between Brig and the south portal there will be eleven bridges and 21 tunnels, one mile in length, the tunnels constituting 27 per cent. of the length of the south approach. The existing line from Berne and Spiez to Frutigen, 344 miles, is operated by steam locomotives, but from Frutigen, through the tunnel and its approaches and eventually to Brig, 714 miles, alternating current, 2000 horsepower electric locomotives will haul trains, obtaining power from overhead conductors on catenary supports from transverse overhead bridges at 15,000 volts, single-phase. The main tunnel will be double tracked throughout. This There are in European Turkey about 2,000,000 Turks, nearly as many Slavs, 1,000,000 Albanians, and large numbers of Greeks. Wallachians, Jews, and Gypsies constitute most of the remainder. About 2,500,000 are Mohammedans; in Asia, the majority of the population; in Tripoli and Benghazi, almost the entire population. Constantinople has approximately 942,900 inhabitants (with suburbs, 1,106,000); Salonika, 144,200; Adrianople, 125,000; Smyrna, 225,000; Damascus, 200,000; Beirut, 185,000; Aleppo, 135,000; Bagdad, 125,000; Jerusalem, 115,000; Medina, 111,000; Trebizond, 100,000; Mecca, 85,000. Primary instruction, free and nominally compulsory, is largely in the hands of the Mohammedan priesthood, and is extremely deficient. Secondary schools, in a few of which French or English is taught, are not numerous, and special schools are rare. Schools of all kinds are estimated at 36,230, with about 1,331,200 pupils. The University of Constantinople (founded on paper in 1900) has not yet been realized. Besides Mohammedans, there are in the empire Orthodox Greeks, Armenians, Roman Catholics, Greek Uniates, and other Christians, and Jews. PRODUCTION. The soil is generally fertile, but little progress has been made in agriculture, though it is expected that large tracts will be brought under cultivation by an irrigation scheme to be completed in (probably) five years. Primitive methods are employed, and the title and customs system effectually cripples incentive. The chief cultivated products are cereals, tobacco, cotton, olives, almonds and other nuts, and various fruits Tobacco crop (Latakia district) in 1909, 3,300,000 pounds. Estimated area under tobacco in all Turkey in 1909, 107,368 acres (1908, 120,567), yielding 74,445,244 pounds (1908, 108,248,904), an average of 694 lbs. per acre (898). Unofficial estimates place the average olive-oil yield at about 45,000 tons (season of 1908-9 much less-about 22,500 tons); the valonia crop, at 140,000,000. The world's supply of Mocha coffee comes from Yemen; it is all grown for export, as the Yemen Arab never uses it himself. About 21, 000,000 acres are under forest (in European Turkey, 3,500,000)-pine, fir; beech, oak, cedar, sycamore, chestnut, walnut, etc. Sheep-raising is a prominent industry. Silk is produced, as well as carpets, shawls, leather, firearms, cotton and woolen goods, etc. The fisheries are valuable. The extensive mineral resources are little developed. The government silver mines produce about 2600 kilos of silver and 400 tons of ar: gentiferous lead annually; output of silver (all Turkey) in 1907, 67,351 fine ounces. Chrome, manganese, antimony, and copper ores are exported. Other mineral products are coal and lignite (400,000 tons annually), iron (40,000), iron pyrites (63,000), gold (226 ounces), salt (335,923 tons), borax (7000), meerschaum, mercury, kaolin, and arsenic. COMMERCE, ETC. Total imports and exports for 1909 are given at £T22,230,000 and £T26, 100,000 respectively (the Turkish pound is worth $4.40); 1908, £T25,100,000 and £T21, 315,000. No details of the principal articles of trade are available later than for the year ended February 28, 1906, as given in pounds Turkish below: The above figures are exclusive of the trade in tobacco, of which the imports are detailed as follows: 6,926,631 cigars, 2867 kilos of tobacco, 17,796 of snuff, and 1,237,404 of tumbéki; exports: 3,465,958 kilos sent to countries within the empire, and 18,110,646 to foreign countries. Vessels entered at Constantinople (1908), 14,709, of 13,261,446 tons; at all ports of the empire (1905-6), 47,265 steamers, of 44,257, 892 tons, and 129,796 sailing vessels, of 2,293, 977. The mercantile marine included (1909) 110 steamers, of 69,440 tons, and 936 sailing vessels, of 202,609. COMMUNICATIONS. Total railway lines open to traffic (1909) in the empire, 4075 miles, detailed as follows (the lines marked with an asterisk having a kilometric guarantee from the government): Turkey in Europe 1239 (Salonika - Monastir,* 136; ConstantinopleSalonika,* 317; Oriental Railways, 786); Turkey in Asia, 2836 (Haidar Pasha-Angora,* 358; Eshki Shekir-Konia,* 283; Mudania-Brusa, 25; Smyrna-Cassaba,* 165; Alasheir-Afion-Karahissar, 156; Smyrna-Aidin, 320; Konia-EregliPersian Gulf,* 125; Mersina-Adana, 42; Beirut-Damascus, 96; Rayak-Aleppo," 295; Damascus-Medina, 812; Jaffa-Jerusalem, 54; Haifa-Deraa, 105). Guarantees paid in 1909, £T798,610. Projects for over 6000 miles of new lines and extensions are under consideration. Telegraph lines (1906), 28,890 miles; wires, 49,200; offices, 1017; post-offices (Turkish), 1312 (foreign post-offices are maintained in the larger coast towns). FINANCE. The unit of value is the piastre (worth about 4.4 cents); 100 piastres equal one pound Turkish. The first official budget, published for the fiscal year 1910, showed estimated revenue, £T25,079,062; expenditure, £T30,539,545. For the fiscal year 1911 the estimates were placed at £T26,015,101 and £T32,997,772. The details below are in thousands of pounds Turkish: The trade by countries is as follows in £T120,733,242. A loan of £T7,000,000 was raised thousands of pounds Turkish for the same year: in 1909. Other debts not loans are the Russian war indemnity-£T24,513,000 in 1898, on which a payment of £T350,000 falls due annually on January 14; and £T273,494 for the Damascus (Hedjaz) Railway. Russia relinquished, in 1909, 40 out of 74 annuities. The Imperial Ottoman Bank (capitalized at £T10,000,000) had, December 31, 1908, cash £T3,621,093, and notes in circulation, £T840,041. According to the French economist, LeroyBeaulieu, four-fifths of the bank values in Turkey belong to the French (largely in the Ottoman Bank and the Bank of Salonika). France also holds over 55 per cent. of the public debt, Germany 30, Great Britain 5. The Ottoman National Bank is largely under British influence; and a Russian bank was opened at Constantinople in 1909. NAVY. The reconstruction plan is still scarcely more than a plan; a number of ships have, however, been purchased from Germany: 2 battleships (launched 1891), for which £T990,000 was paid; and four new destroyers (S165 to $168), costing £T400,000. On account of ill-health, Rear-Admiral Sir Douglas Austin Gamble resigned in January, 1910, his post as naval adviser (British) to the Turkish government, and Rear-Admiral Hugh P. Williams was appointed to succeed him. He is assisted by six junior British officers in his task of reorganizing the navy. Besides the Makhsussa Fleet of about 75 steamers of various kinds used by the government and available as transports, store-ships, and coast-guard cruisers, the effective fleet in 1910 included 42 warships, of 56,784 aggregate tons, detailed as follows: 4 battleships, aggregating 33,930 tons; 4 armored corvettes (10,406); 2 protected cruisers (7050); one torpedo vessel (900); 2 torpedo dispatch boats (1400); 5 torpedo-boat destroyers (890); 18 torpedo boats (1612); 6 submarines (596). Under construction (1910), 19 vesesls, of 28,243 aggregate tons, as follows: 2 armored cruisers (14,273); 2 first-class (8100) and second-class (3200) protected cruisers; 2 torpedo vessels (1550); 11 torpedo boats (1120). Personnel, 31,000 officers and men and 9000 marines. TURKEY War of the reorganization of the light cavalry called the Hamidieh. The object of this reorganization is to utilize the valuable military reserve supplied by the tribes of Kurds. There were to be formed 65 regiments of light cavalry from these tribes, so far as possible, each regiment from men of the same tribe. They comprised from 4 to 6 squadrons, each squadron divided into 4 platoons of from 32 to 48 men. Each regiment was to be commanded by a lieutenant colonel of the active army assisted by a chief of the tribe as major. If a regiment is formed from two tribes there will be for each a native major In the same way the squad. rons were to be commanded by captains from the active army assisted by a lieutenant of the active army and 3 native subalterns. A certain number of regiments will be grouped to form a district, at the head of which will be a colonel or brigadier general assisted by three officers of different rank. The time of service is to be 27 years, from 18 to 45 years of age. The first three years comprise the preparatory period; the twelve following the active period and the twelve last the period of relief. During these 27 years the troops of the tribes will be assigned to all the regiments in accordance with the rules of the regular army. By imperial decree the organization of the army increased the number of corps to 14 and the number of independent divisions to 5. There were to be formed seven different groups. The first consisting of a corps of three divisions was to have its headquarters at Constantinople; second, three army corps with headquarters at Adrianople, Kirk-Kilisse, and Rodosto; third, three army corps of three divisions with headquarters at Salonika, Uskub and Monastir; fourth, three army corps of which one is divided into three divisions and two into two divisions with headquarters at Erzigjan, Erzerum, and Van respectively; fifth group, one army corps of three divisions with headquarters at Damascus; sixth group, two army corps of two divisions each with headquarters at Bagdad and Mosul; seventh group, an army corps of two divisions GOVERNMENT. Under the constitution of 1908, with headquarters at Sana. Finally there are the sultan, who is the protector of the Moslem a mixed independent division at Mecca and a faith, appoints and dismisses ministers, concludes division at Tripoli. There are in all in the army treaties with foreign powers, declares war, is 42 divisions. These divisions are not all to be head of the military and naval forces, and can constituted in the same way as regards their dissolve the chamber of deputies, but a new infantry. Those of the first type include three election must follow within six months. The regiments of three battalions each, in addition legislative body consists of a senate and a to a skeleton battalion and a battalion of chamber of deputies, and meets annually. The nichandji or tirailleurs, that is 10 battalions in reigning sultan, Mohammed V, was born Novem- peace and 13 in time of war. Those of the ber 3, 1844; succeeded April 27, 1909. Heir second type will be formed from 7 active batpresumptive, Youssouf Izzedin Effendi, born talions in time of peace and 10 in war time. October 9, 1857 (cousin). The ministry (1910) This reorganization was designed to lend itself was as follows: Premier (Grand Vizier), Ibra- to a progressive increase in the army. Artillery him Hakki Pasha; Sheikh-ul-Islam (head of was reorganized into 4 gun batteries of which the church), Moussa Kiasim Effendi; Foreign were 139% in place of 93. The Minister of War Affairs, Rifaat Pasha; Interior, Talaat Bey; decided to form a special corps of volunteers President of the Council of State, and Minister who had completed their term of military serv of Justice and Worship, Nedjmeddine Bey; War, ice as frontier guards, 22 companies in number Mohammed Shevket Pasha; Marine, Mohammed called Hondoudi. Each company will have an Moukhtar Bey; Finance, Djavid Bey; Pious active strength of 200 men with 4 officers, located Foundations (Evkafs), Sherif Ali Haider Bey; as follows: 7 on the Bulgarian frontier, 5 on Instruction, Emroullah Effendi; Agriculture, the Servian, 2 on the Austrian, 3 on the Mines, and Forests, Mavrocordato Effendi;. Montenegrin, and 5 on the Greek; 10 Sowars or Commerce and Public works, Halladjian Effendi; Secretary of State of the grand-vizierate, Adil Bey mounted men will be attached to each company. This step will release a large number of isolated commands of the regular army. ARMY. An Imperial Irade adopted during the year sanctions the control by the Minister of 11 The total budget of national defense in 1910amounted to £T9,500,000, as compared with |