719 TRADE UNIONS TRADE UNIONS $672,000. During the year it had paid strike great deal of time to the discussion of the benefits of $20,000; sick benefits of $186,983; Osborne case. It resolved, by a vote of 1,171,death or total disability benefits of $238,284; 000 for to 13,000 against, to support by every traveling benefits of $41,589; and out-of-work possible means the Labor party bill for a rebenefits of $76,107. The latter, though some- versal of this judgment. It also adopted a resowhat smaller than in 1908, was four times as lution favoring the concentration of the Engmuch as in 1907 and larger than in preceding lish trade-union movement under one head, inyears since 1897. The Union, which has weekly stead of under three as at present. There are dues of thirty cents, had 51,477 members, or independent unions having no bond except that almost twice the membership of 1898. of sending delegates to the Trade-Union ConUNION SHOP UPHELD. In 1902 the New gress and of exerting some influence in the York Stereotypers' Union No. 1 and the New appointment of members of the Parliamentary York Electrotypers' Union endeavored to or- Representation Committee. Then many of these ganize the men in the Brooklyn branch of the unions, with an aggregate membership of 700,United States Printing Company. A strike re- 000, are affiliated with the General Federation sulted, followed by an agreement whereby only of Trade Unions, which has its own annual union men were to be employed after January, conference. In the third place there is the 1904. A stockholder and two employes of the Labor party to which most of the unions becompany secured injunctions restraining the com- long; therefore, many unions are represented pany from carrying out this agreement. After in three annual conferences. The preliminary several trials the case was decided in January, draft of plans for amalgamation was placed in 1910, by the Court of Appeals refusing to sus- the hands of a committee. An important mattain the injunction. The Court held that those ter of trade-union relationship grew out of a securing the injunction, not being parties to resolution adopted by the Congress in 1906, the agreement, could not interfere with its ful- excluding any organization which divides pubfillment. Trade unionists were inclined to in- lic employes from fellow-workmen employed by terpret this decision as meaning that a strike private concerns in the same occupations. On and agreement for the union shop are legal. this ground the Municipal Employes Trade See LABOR, AMERICAN FEDERATION OF. Union was denied admission. The union thereupon admitted other laborers than municipal employes; but it was again denied admission because this new condition made it impossible for it to gain admission to any national trade union without which it could not be admitted to the Congress. The new system of labor exchanges (q. v.) was strongly condemned. Previously, the unions had maintained exchanges themselves and employers were accustomed to seek labor through them. This gave unions greater control over the labor supply in their respective fields, but the new exchanges, ignoring the distinction between union and nonunion, have weakened this control. UNION OF TRANSPORTING TRADES. On September 22-23 a convention of fifteen unions, including every branch of the transportation trade, met to discuss the question of uniting into one organization. The conference included representatives of railway servants; sailors; ship firemen; stewards; cooks; butchers and bakers; dock, wharf, and riverside workers; stevedores; engine men; truck drivers. About 200,000 workers were represented. While actual amalgamation was not achieved a federation was formed to reduce competition and secure a bet ter adjustment of trade disputes. GREAT BRITAIN, PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION. The most widely discussed problem in trade-union circles of Great Britain was the problem of labor representation in Parliament. On December 21, 1909, the House of Lords had sustained a judicial decision of a year earlier in the case of Osborne vs. The Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants in which it was declared that a trade union is not competent to maintain representation in Parliament by means of union funds or levies upon its members. This decision was based on the doctrine that a trade union is so clearly an industrial, rather than a political organization, and that these two purposes are so dissimilar, that it is illegal to use union funds for political purposes. The decision, therefore, was a serious blow to many of the newer activities of English unions. Not only have they for forty years maintained representatives in Parliament, but local unions have taken part in municipal elections in the election of poor-law guardians. At the Trade-Union Congress political questions have been regularly discussed for decades and the tendency of the British trade-union movement has been to become more socialistic in temper with a more pronounced conviction that the advancement of trade-union welfare depends At the annual convention of the Amalgalargely upon political action. Following the mated Society of Railway Servants, at which above decision many trade unions took steps sixty delegates represented 60,000 members, to maintain their parliamentary representatives and the convention of the Miners' Federation, by voluntary contributions. At the spring ses- at which 167 delegates represented 600,000 minsion of Parliament a bill was introduced by the ers; the strongest opposition was shown to the labor members authorizing trade unions to sup- Osborne decision. The latter organization report their representatives out of union funds. joiced in a practically general eight-hour day This was advanced only to the first reading. A in the mines of Great Britain. It demanded counter-proposal was made by representatives modification of the Workmen's Compensation of the government that a law be passed providing for the payment of all members of Parliament and the expenses of elections out of the Imperial Treasury. This proposal was vigorously denounced by trade-unin leaders on the ground that it would tend to undermine their corporate activity. Act by provision of minimum compensation of $3.75 per week for all coal-getters and $3 for all other adult workers in mines. In 1909 the Parliamentary Committee sent a delegation to Germany to study the workingmen's insurance systems. They reported favor ably. Thereupon plans were drawn up for inThe TRADE-UNION CONGRESS, at its annual surance against sickness and unemployment meeting at Sheffield in September, devoted a based on compulsory contributions from both employers and employes, with state subsidy; 1,000,000, this General Federation of Labor is the insurance to be differentiated by trades. the centre of radical and aggressive action. It The legislative programme of the committee is composed of respresentatives from two included the repeal of the Osborne decision; classes of labor groups, namely, the labor exprovision for unemployed workmen; the Edu- changes (Bourses du Travail) and the federa cation Administration Provisions bill, dealing tions of labor and industry (Fédérations de with the feeding of school children; a forty- Syndicats). The former now number 150. eight hour week for all workmen; the nation- They receive annual subsidies from the various alization of railways; and a bill dealing with cities in which they are situated amounting_to the eviction of workmen during trade disputes. a total of 500,000 francs; thus the Paris ExSOCIALISTIC TENDENCIES. Unlike the situ- change receives 110,000 francs per year, that ation in the United States and some Conti- at St. Étienne 31,000, that at Bordeaux 12,000. nental countries, the English unions combine These exchanges form centres of education in political and trade activities. This tendency trade union policy. They maintain libraries is accentuated by the growth of Socialism and lecturers; and they carry on active union among trade unionists. This is viewed with organization. The Syndicats have as their alarm by many, even by some trade union sym- chief function the promotion of strikes. The pathizers. The trade union has heretofore for interesting feature of the organization of the the most part been concerned chiefly with the General Federation is that each subgroup, advancement of the interests of its own mem- whether a federation of labor exchanges or a bers, even by conflict with other unions. But federation of syndicates, has a representative on Socialism spreads the feeling of working-class the General Committee. Thus the federation consciousness; it aims to advance the interests of railway unions with 24,000 members, the of all laborers; it is likely therefore to lead to union workers with 14,000, the mechanics with greater efforts to organize all such and induce 5000, and the laundry-workers with 200, each them to strike together in a general strike for have one delegate. The result is that the the interests of any one group. larger and more conservative bodies, though NUMBERS. The Board of Trade Labor Ga- possessing a considerable majority of actual zette for August gave the number of trade members, have less voting power than the unions at the beginning of 1910 as 1153 with a smaller and more radical groups. The General total membership of 2,347,461. Although this Committee of the Federation has three perwas somewhat below the total for the two years manent committees: (1) the committee in preceding it was ten per cent. larger than charge of the daily news organ, Voix du Peuple; for any other year. In the building trades (2) the committee on strikes and the general there was a continuous decline for nine years, strike; (3) the committee of organization. It aggregating thirty-five per cent. There was, is the committee on strikes and the general however, an increase in the textile and mining groups. The membership included 207,518 women. The Gazette for April gave the membership of mining and quarrying unions as 718,000; engineering and ship-building, 365,200; railway service, 118,700. The total income of 100 principal unions in 1908 was $13,668,000, and expenditures $16,600,000; the aggregate reserve fund, $25,850,000; the aggregate expenditures of these unions in ten years equaled $97,000,000; of this eleven per cent. went for strike benefits and forty-three per cent. for unemployed benefits. strike which directs the chief activities of the Federation. At its various congresses the Federation has pronounced in favor of the boycott, sabotage, and the general strike. It declares its purpose "to instil into the mind of the workingman the necessity for a general strike." Repeated strikes are for the proletariat a powerful medium of education, as well as excellent practice for action." The sabotage system, although adopted as early as 1897, has come into active use only in the last two years. It is based on the principle of "bad work for bad pay." It includes the policy of spoiling TRADE AGREEMENTS. The English unions, goods on purpose, wasting the material, stirmore than any others, have perfected the use ring up prejudice against the employer, maliof trade agreements and arbitration and con- cious injury and destruction of machines and ciliation boards. In October, 1910, there were instruments, and other methods of spoiling a in force 1696 trade agreements, affecting 2,400,- job. Along with these policies goes the con000 workers. These agreements depend on the demnation of arbitration, workingmen's counorganization of employers and employes; they cils, and any means of regulating strikes. The fix hours, wages, and other conditions of work; Federation also condemns patriotism and the and they frequently provide means for the con- use of military force in industrial disputes. It ciliation or arbitration of differences, with pen- has for several years carried on an active alties for strikes or lockouts in violation of propaganda among the soldiers. These facts these terms. By trades they were distributed indicate that a radical anarchistic group of as follows: Building, 803 affecting 200,000 leaders has obtained_control of the chief body workers; clothing, 303 affecting 50,000; metal, of French unions. But it is nevertheless true engineering and shipbuilding, 163 affecting that a considerable proportion of the member163,000; mining and quarrying, 56 affecting ship favor the gradual reform of existing in900,000; printing, 79 affecting 40,000; textiles, 113 affecting 460,000; and transportation, 92 affecting 500,000. FRANCE. The chief centre of trade union activity in France in the last few years has been the Confédération Générale du Travail. This was organized in 1895 and now has a membership variously estimated at 300,000 to 400,000. Although the total number of tradeunion members in the country now exceed dustrial conditions rather than revolution. TRADE UNIONS 721 TRANSMISSION seemed advisable to separate the economic and political agitations in order not to cause disruption in the trade-union ranks. This was similar to action taken in Hungary and Italy. It means that the Socialists will not dominate the trade-union movement. The total membership of Swedish trade unions, January 1, 1909, was 169,776. BELGIUM. The International Miners' Congress opened at Brussels August 12. Resolutions were adopted favoring the nationalization of mines and demanding laws authorizing workmen to be mine inspectors so that mines can be inspected at any time, establishing wage boards to fix minimum wages proportional to the cost of living, and forbidding the employment of women and girls in mines under any conditions. GERMANY. One of the most notable developments of trade-union policy in Germany in recent years is the increase in the use of collective bargaining and conciliation. These methods have come more and more into use as the unions have become stronger financially and numerically and therefore better able to enforce their demands by strikes. In 1908 there were about 78,000 persons benefited by strikes and lockouts, while 397,000 were benefited by 1973 collective trade agreements. At the close of 1908 there were in force 5671 trade agreements affecting 120,401 establishments and 1,026,000 employes. Of these 2096 agreements and 423,072 employes were in the building trades; 557 agreements and 112,800 employes were in wood working; and almost equally large numbers applied to metal working, the clothing trades, and food preparation, and allied trades. TRANSANDEAN RAILWAY. See ExAt the close of 1907 the total membership of PLORATION, paragraphs on America. German trade unions was 2,405,368. This was TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL only slightly below the maximum of 1907. The POWER. The complete success of power membership of the larger organizations was transmission at 110,000 volts was fully estabas follows: Metal workers, 365,270; masons, lished by the operating experiences of 1910, 171,337; wood workers, 148,942; factory opera- and pressures of this value or higher will tives 135,946; miners (Social Democrat) doubtless be considered standard rather than 113,328; textile workers, 181,488; transport experimental henceforth. The great 300-mile workers, 92,039; miners, (Christian) 78,619; transmission system of the Hydro-electric Comprinters, 57,836; railway mechanics, 56,767; mission of Ontario went into successful operabuilding laborers, 56,653; carpenters, 53,077; tion at this pressure early in the year. The painters, 39,201; tailors, 38,208; machinists generating station of this system has been and metal workers (Hirsch-Duncker) 37,647; planned for an ultimate development of 220,shoemakers, 36,138; building mechanics and 000 horse-power. The transmission system is laborers, (Christian) 34,418; brewery workers, noteworthy for its extensive use of aluminum 33,695. The total membership of the Social conductors. It is expected that this great deDemocratic unions was 1,832,667; about three- velopment will have a marked influence on the fourths of the remaining membership was cred- industrial development of the province. ited to the Christian unions promoted by the Catholic Church and one-fourth to the HirschDuncker unions. The total expenditures of all trade unions was $12,800,000, of which 85 per cent. was spent by the Social Democratic unions. These latter spent $1,750,000 for strike benefits, $2,250,000 for unemployment and traveling benefits, and $2,200,000 for sickness and death benefits. EXPERIMENTS WITH HIGHER PRESSURES. Sustained operation at voltages above 110,000 was not attempted commercially, though the Southern Power Company successfully experimented with 125,000 volts on its 100,000-volt system. Work was begun on a line to be operated at 135,000 volts between Cook Falls, Michigan, and the cities of Flint and Battle Creek, a distance of 190 miles. The line is to be a single three-phase circuit of No. 0 copper wires hung from 8 disc, suspension type insulators. Some conception of the important mechanical problems introduced by the suspension type of insulation and these great pressures is gained from the fact that the wires are to enclose an isosceles triangle with sides of 17 feet and a 12 foot base. It is estimated from experiment that the brush discharge losses of the line will be about one kilowatt per mile. AUSTRIA. The total membership of Austrian unions at the close of 1909 was 415,000, a decline of 85,000 in two years. These represented seven different nationalities: Germans, Bohemians, Italians, Slovaks, Croatians, Ruthenians, and Rumanians. Of these the Germans comprised seventy-five per cent. and the Bohemians twenty per cent. The unions have adopted the policy of keeping trade union activity separate from political agitation, although the leaders in both movements may be the same. The total benefits paid by all Austrian unions in 1907 were $573,000. Of this $230,000 were for unemployment benefits, an equal amount for sick, funeral and infirmity benefits, and small amounts for travelling and distress. The total receipts were $1,600,000 Lauchhammer for transmission to its plants at and total expenses $1,400,000. The year 1910 marked the introduction of 110,000 volt transmission in Europe. The Lauchhammer Iron Works Co. began construction on a 40,000 kilowatt system to develop power from the extensive peat deposits at Groditz and Riesa, a distance of 50 kilometres. SWEDEN. The general strike of 1909, The amounts of power and the transmission although it failed, had the effect of increasing distances of European systems are generally less the feeling of solidarity among trade unionists. than in the more noteworthy American sysThis led to the question of the advisability of tems and the development of extremely high combined trade-union action for political pur- voltages has been distinctly an American poses. At the convention of the national labor achievement. The use of voltages above 110,000 organizations it was voted to keep the trade- is expected to devolop slowly. Engineers are union movement separate from the political generally agreed as to the physical feasibility movement. While endorsing "the social demo- of higher pressure, but, unless the power to cratic party as the natural expression of the be transmitted and the distance are enormous, national ambition of the Swedish workers," it the economy in copper from further reduction the Chinese employed in the mines numbered 30,069; in March, 1909, 10,527; in January, 1910, only 1908 were left; and by March, 1910, the last Chinaman had left the Rand. COMMERCE, FINANCE, ETC. Commercial and financial totals for three years are given below, the trade (including bullion) being for calendar years, revenue and expenditure for the fiscal years 1907-8, 1908-9, 1909-10: Imports ....£15,758,944 1908 of the already small conductors would be slight employed in the mines in March, 1909, 229,015 and would probably not offset the increased (21,814 whites, 10,527 Chinese, 196,674 Africost of insulation. With extremely high pres- cans). In 1904 an ordinance was enacted introsures the mechanical strength of the line is ducing Chinese labor for the mines. In Decemthe factor limiting its size rather than its con- ber, 1905, further immigration of Chinese was ductivity. prohibited, and steps were taken in 1906 to PROGRESS IN 1910. The year 1910 was exclude them altogether. In February, 1908, marked by a growing conservatism in new developments due largely to the financial difficulties into which many plants have fallen. Financial promotors have discovered that the ability to secure heavy and uniform all-day loads to work the expensive plants to the highest capacity is the determining factor in these ventures. The great gains in the economy of steam-power generation made possible by the advent of the large turbine units has tended to discourage hydro-electric undertakings. Aside from those mentioned above new projects of importance were conspicuously few. Exports Much progress was made in the unification Revenue of existing plants by tying them into trans- Expenditure mission networks, thus increasing the financial and electrical stability of the system, permitting the most economical distribution of loads Principal imports in 1908: machinery, £1,and increasing the minimum power which can 389,510; clothing, etc., £1,310,392; live anibe guaranteed, as periods of low water do not mals, £1,275,717; chemicals and dynamite, always affect different plants simultaneously. £1,110,553; cotton goods, £574,299; wheat, etc., The Swedish government has undertaken the £499,605; iron and steel work, £498,145; meat, systematic development of its water power re- £493,913; sugar, £466,641; boots and shoes, sources. A 40,000 horse-power station now in £422,712; hardware, £394,475. Principal exoperation is being doubled in capacity. A new development was begun at Porjus to be completed in 1914 with 37,500 horse-power of immediate and 100,000 of eventual development. A third station of 40,000 horse-power is to be built at Dalalfen and other projects are projected as a part of the national system. Debt, .... ..... 1907 31,268,276 4,651,532 4,415,476 1909 £17,010,897 34,128,956 4,670,218 5,585,637 4,118,848 June 30, 1908.. 28,586,600 5,974,491 ports: gold, £29,615,059; diamonds, £1,977,521; wool, £226,908; horses and mules, £120,490; hides, skins, etc., £109,144; tobacco, £108,476; coal, £34,836. Trade with Great Britain amounted to £5,850,425 of imports and £31,787,070 of exports; with British possessions, £1,032,527 and £810,195. No developments of note in underground The Central South African railways, which transmission are to be recorded; 30,000 volts include the lines of the late Netherlands South continues to be the upper limit of insulated African Railway, the Orange Free State Govcable practice. ernment Railways, and the Pretoria-PietersTRANSVAAL, THE. A province (since burg Railway, connect the province with DelaMay 31, 1910) of the Union of South Africa; goa Bay, Durban, and the Cape. Total length formerly a British colony. Provincial capital, open for traffic at the beginning of 1909, Pretoria. 262714 miles; under construction, 644. AREA, POPULATION, ETC. Total estimated Length of telegraph lines (1909), 10,287 area, 110,425 square miles. Population (1904), miles; of telephone wires, 28,615 miles; tele 1,262,698 (whites, 289,062). Pretoria had 36,- graph offices, 267; post-offices, 450. The post700 inhabitants (21,161 whites); Johannesburg office savings banks had (June 30, 1908) (the centre of the Witwatersrand gold-fields), 55,705 depositors and £1,474,553 deposits. 158,580 (83,902 whites). Schools (1908), 624 primary, with 44,451 pupils; 220 native, with 10,725 pupils. Pupils in secondary schools, 1891; in the normal college, 94. PRODUCTION. The country is eminently adapted to the pastoral industries, though agriculture, still in an undeveloped condition, is practicable. Livestock: 52,168 horses; 546,829 cattle; 844,214 sheep; 157,888 swine. Gold (discovered 1871) constitutes the wealth of the country; diamonds, coal, silver, and other metals are found, and iron is known to exist. Output for four years (gold, fine ounces; diamonds, carats; coal, tons) below: 1906 1907 1908 1909 GOVERNMENT. The government is adminis tered by an administrator (1910, J. F. B. Rissik), aided by a provincial council, elected for three years. There is an executive committee of four members. The Transvaal Parliament was opened for the last time on April 6, with a speech from Lord Selbourne announeing the Royal assent to the Act of Union. The business to be settled by Parliament comprised ratification of railway schemes, the introduction of certain education bills, aiming at concentration of university education at Pretoria, a measure to regulate power schemes and the election of Senators to the new Federal Parliament. See SOUTH AFRICAN UNION. An American TREAT, CHARLES HENRY. 2,892,404 public official, died May 30, 1910. He was 2,883,423 born in Frankfort, Me., in 1841, and was edu3,012,692 cated at Bates College and Dartmouth College, graduating from the latter institution in 1865. On leaving college he entered the business of his father, which was that of a shipping mer chant. He was engaged in export and import trade with the West Indies. He took part in Coal Gold Diamonds Value of diamond output in 1908, £1,549,815; of coal, £794,949. Total value of gold output, from 1884 to June, 1908, £211,535,995. Persons STATES. TROPICAL DISEASES the political campaign for Hayes and Wheeler first assistant to the United States Attorney in 1876 and in the following year removed to of New York. He took an active part in ReDelaware, where he engaged in the manufactur- publican politics and was several times presiing business. He was delegate at large to the dent of the Republican Club of New York City. Republican National Convention in 1888, He was a member of several learned societies. and seconded the nomination of Levi P. Morton He wrote Last Hours of Sheridan's Cavalry for Vice-President. He conducted the Re- (1904); Two Days of War (1905); Sectionalpublican campaign in 1888, which resulted in ism Unmasked (1907), besides many papers on a Republican majority in the legislature for military, legal and economic subjects. the first time in the history of the State and TRENGGANU. See FEDERATED MALAY the election of the first Republican Senator from Delaware. He was the leading candidate for United States Senator, but was defeated by two votes. He afterwards removed to New York and from 1892 was active in the local politics of the city and State. From 1897 to 1905 he was collector of internal revenue for the second district of New York and from 1905 to 1909 was treasurer of the United States. Shortly after the war with Spain he became associated with New York capitalists and organized the Manila Navigation Company, of which he was president. He was also president of several other manufacturing and mercantile companies. TRENT, W. P. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Essays and Literary Criticism. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. Two islands of the West Indies, which constitute a British colony. Area of Trinidad 1754 square miles (population in 1906, 306,830; estimated in 1910, 332,671); of Tobago, 114 (1906, 20,570; 1910, 18,751). Capital, Port of Spain (60,000 inhabitants), with a splendid harbor. Other towns of Trinidad: San Fernando (7610) and Princestown (4497); of Tobago: Scarborough (1370) and Plymouth. Of the total area (1,195,500 acres), about 559,800 have been alienated. Acres under sugar-cane, 59,000; TREE, LAMBERT. An American jurist and cacao, 226,880; coffee, 4100; cocoanuts, 17,520; public official, died October 9, 1910. He was pasture, 20,900. From the asphalt lake near born in Washington, D. C., in 1832 and grad- La Brea, 133,208 tons of asphalt were exported uated from the University of Virginia in 1855. in 1908-9 (£154,363); cacao export, 51,575,104 In the same year he was admitted to the bar pounds. Other products and exports are sugar, in Washington and removed to Chicago. He molasses, rum, bitters, timber, and fruits. Imat once took a prominent part in Democratic ports (1909), £3,288,826; exports, £3,218,092. municipal politics and until the time of his Revenue (1909-10), £853,565; expenditure, death was conspicuous in State politics and £863,254; debt, £1,060,093. There are 89 miles in national affairs. In 1864 he became presi- of railway, and 1147 of telegraph and telephone dent of the Chicago Law Institute, and five line. Governor (1910), Sir G. R. LeHunte. years later he was appointed to fill a vacancy TRINITY COLLEGE. An institution of in the Circuit Court of the State. He served higher learning at Hartford, Conn., founded in in this position until 1874. He took an 1823. The students enrolled in 1910-11 numactive part in the national campaign in 1884. bered 225, while the faculty numbered 32. He was a delegate to the convention which Among the additions to the faculty were the nominated Cleveland. He was a candidate for following: Le Roy C. Barrett, Ph. D., prothe United States Senate following the election fessor of the Latin language and literature, of President Cleveland and was defeated by one vice Frank G. Moore, resigned; Max Withrow vote by General Logan. He was also a candi- Morse, Ph. D., professor of biology, vice Charles date for Congress in 1878 and 1880. In 1885 L. Edwards; Walter L. Barrows, instructor in he was appointed United States Minister to geology; Archer Eben Knowlton, instructor in Belgium, serving until 1888, when he became mathematics and physics; and William H. Minister to Russia, serving there one year. He Worrell, Ph. D., instructor in Biblical literawas appointed in 1891, by President Harrison, ture. During the year 1909-10 the endowment Democratic member of the Monetary Commission, which met in Washington. Judge Tree acquired a large fortune, much of which he spent in beautifying the boulevard and park system of Chicago. He presented to the city two bronze statues, one of an Indian warrior on horseback, called A Signal of Peace," and a bronze statue of La Salle. He had large holdings in Chicago real estate. He was director in many financial institutions in Chicago and in many public and philanthropic associations. TREMAIN, HENRY EDWIN. An American soldier and author, died December 9, 1910. He was born in New York City in 1840 and graduated from the College of the City of New York in 1860. He enlisted during the Civil War as a private in the Seventh Regiment and served until the close of the war. In 1865 he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel of volunteers for gallant and meritorous services and also received the brevet of colonel and of brigadiergeneral of volunteers. He was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor in 1892 for distinguished conduct at the battle of Resaca, Georgia, in 1864. From 1873 to 1877 he was of the college was increased by pledges varying in amount from $1 to $100,000, the total number of subscribers being 1400, and the total amount pledged being $500,000. The total productive funds of the college amount to about $1,225,000. The president is F. S. Luther, LL.D. TROPICAL DISEASES. The immense amount of medical work incident to the sanitation of the Panama Canal Zone not only has developed many trained observers, but has given us a much better knowledge of the diseases found in the American tropics. Now that yellow fever has been vanquished and malaria reduced to a minimum, closer attention is being given in the large hospitals in Colón and Ancon to the study of other tropical affections, particularly intestinal parasites. Brayton investigated the subject of bilharziasis (from Bilharz, the discoverer), a disease hitherto supposed to be confined to the old world, particularly Egypt. It has been called the Egyptian disease, a majority of the victims being natives of this country. The causative agent, a trematode of the genus Bilharzia, has spread from Egypt to Tunis, the Sudan, Abyssinia, Uganda, |