SPAIN

stroyed in the war with the United States, the only effective vessels being (1910) one secondclass battleship of 9900 tons; 2 armored cruisers of 7000 tons each; one cruiser of 9240 tons; one of 6000; two coast-defense vessels of 7300 tons each; two cruisers of about 2000 tons each; four torpedo-boat destroyers; 13 gunboats; eight torpedo boats. There are three training ships, a royal yacht and some small craft. The scheme of reconstruction provides for three battleships each of 15,460 tons displacement; four gunboats, of 800 tons each; three destroyers (370), and 24 torpedo boats (180). Personnel, 16,700 of all ranks, and 9000 marines.

GOVERNMENT. The king is the executive, acting through a responsible council of ministers. The legislative power is vested in the Cortes, a body composed of a Senate of 360 members and a congress of deputies (404). The king (1910), Alfonso XIII., was born May 17, 1886; married, May 31, 1906, to Princess Victoria Eugénie Ena of Battenberg. Heir-apparent, the Prince of the Asturias, Don Alfonso, born May 10, 1907. The Ministry, as constituted February 9, 1910, was composed as follows: Premier, José Canalejas; Interior, Condé de Sagasta; Foreign Affairs, Garcia Prieto; Justice, Ruiz Valarino; War, Lieutenant-General Aznar; Marine, Arias Miranda; Finance, E. Cobián; Instruction, J. Burell; Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, Public Works, F. Cabeltón.

HISTORY

MINISTERIAL CRISIS. The Moret Ministry fell on February 2, as a result of dissensions in the Liberal party. The Premier had been reluctantly supported by the other Liberal leaders from the beginning. Finally, after a speech by the Count de Romanones, accusing him of making overtures to the Republican party, he resigned, saying that a portion of the Liberals were about to revolt. He was succeeded by Señor Canalejas, who represented the young Liberal group, and as this element was more radical than Señor Moret's followers, it was evident that the accusations of the Count de Romanones were merely pretexts. Señor Canalejas constituted the Ministry anew, aiming to give his party coherence and unity. As a result of the final election returns the strength of the parties in the Cortes was as follows: Ministerialists, 227; Conservatives, 105; Republicans, 42; Carlists, 9; Catalanists, 7; Integrists, 2; Independents, 9; doubtful, 3; total, 404. The Republicans gained three seats.

TROUBLE WITH THE VATICAN. Difficulty with the Vatican arose in June on account of a Royal Order granting to non-Catholic bodies the right to display the signs of their religion on the walls of their churches and in their notices. The Holy See immediately made a protest to the government. On the opening of the Cortes on June 14, the speech from the throne referred to the Pope and to certain measures for dealing with the excessive increase of religious orders. The words in the King's speech which gave of fense to the Vatican were to the effect that the government would give expression to the public aspirations" for the reduction and control of the excessive number of orders and religious congregations without impairing their independence in spiritual matters." The government required prefects to enforce existing rules as to registra tion, and also entered into negotiations with Rome for the suppression of convents in dioceses

where they were not needed It also promised a reform of the act of 1887. The Vatican made a formal protest against these measures. In the government's reply to the Vatican protest it adhered to its intention of granting more liberties to the Protestant churches. A mass meeting in which some 20,000 persons took part, organized by the Republican Socialist Union, was held in Madrid on July 3 in support of the government's religious policy The Vatican in reply to certain criticisms that were made upon it denied that it held an obstinate and uncompromising attitude, but that it was willing to make concessions. A bill was introduced into the Spanish Senate to prohibit the formation of any new religious association until the settlement of the dispute with the Vatican. In July the Spanish government was informed by the Vatican that if negotiations were to continue, the government must repeal the measures it had taken in regard to religion. The Council and the Cabinet assembled, on July 30, decided that having tried to bring about an agreement for the reduction of religious orders it could not now abandon its duties. It also announced that it had recalled its ambassador at the Vatican.

King Alfonso left the country for a visit to England at the beginning of August employing the Prime Minister, Canalejas, to take the necessary measures for the settlement of the dispute with the Vatican. At the Vatican the situation was attributed to anti-Clericalism, at the bottom of which were anti-Monarchical forces aiming at a republic. The situation aroused much interest in foreign countries as an attempt to settle the same problem that France had encountered, but to do so by more moderate means. A Catholic demonstration was planned at Bilbao early in August, but was prevented by the authorities. It issued, however, a manifesto, condemning the arbitrary course of the government. Further anger was caused among the Clericals by the government's refusal to permit the Roman Catholic meeting at Bilbao, on September 25. In other parts of Spain the Roman Catholics continued the demonstrations against the government's religious policy toward the Vatican. There were meetings in Valencia and Saragossa where some disorders occurred. A large meeting, comprising, it is said, some 20,000 persons, took place at Pamplona, and there were also great mass meetings at San Sebastian, Vittoria and Granada.

MOROCCO. The long pending dispute with the Moorish government concerning the Spanish indemnity finally resulted in an agreement with the Moorish envoys that Morocco should pay to Spain an indemnity of 65,000,000 pesetas, with interest, for the cost of the Riff campaign. See MOROCCO.

SPARTA. See ARCHEOLOGY. SPEAKERSHIP, THE. See UNITED STATES,

STANDARD OIL

the control of all of these numerous companies under the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey was merely the best method of unifying under the corporation form the same control which the seven pioneers had held continuously.

The defense argued that whether illegal business methods had at any time been followed by these men or their agents was not pertinent to the present suit, this question having been set aside by the Circuit Court. Moreover it was declared by the lawyers for the defense that the Standard is a private commercial enterprise, not a public service corporation, and therefore may sell and buy with whom it pleases and at any prices, however different. It could also lawfully compete and monopolize all the inter-state products of petroleum and its products. It could lawfully do any of those things which competitors had been accustomed to do in fierce and unrelenting trade wars. It could thus lower prices to drive out competitors and raise them afterwards; it could give away oil for a like purpose; it could buy out a competitor or take him into partnership and it "could use all the shifts and devices of traders to succeed, except that we could not by unlawful fraudulent means deprive any competitor of his equal lawful right to fight for the trade." Consequently the defense held that the decree of the Circuit Court sought to make companies that are only subsidiary agencies become independent and competing concerns; the decree did not seek to restore to indence companies that had combined, for independence had never existed.

The government in the presentation of its case argued that Mr. Rockefeller and his associates very early in the development of this business sought to establish a monopoly by obtaining from the railways profitable rebates and unfair contracts which enabled them to crush out many competitors. As a result of this same fierce competition they forced many other competitors to sell out and allow their plants to be dismantled. The government argued that, during the ten years preceding 1882, the defendants had bought out many competing concerns under such circumstances as indicated that the primary object sought was the depression of competition. For this reason it was held that the trust agreements of 1879 and 1882 were combinations in restraint of trade, for they tend ed to create a monopoly and were therefore illegal under the common law. This was true also of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, which was virtually the same as the previous trust except in name. As this combination persisted it became illegal after the passage of the Sherman Act in 1890. Again it was argued by the government that the decisions of the Supreme Court contain no basis for contentions that own ership of the stock of competing companies is invalid for railways but valid for trading and manufacturing companies. Not only does the Standard Oil Company violate section one of the Sherman Act which forbids combinations in restraint of trade, but it violates section two by monopolizing and attempting to monopolize the trade in petroleum and its products. It has extended its monopoly power by unfair methods: by price discrimination in local competion; by obtaining secret information, largely through the bribery of railway employes; and by forming bogus independent concerns principally to drive out competitors. The government attorneys stated

STATE BANK

that they did not wish to appear to discourage enterprise in business; they were only contending against the creation of a monopoly by methods that make impossible the existence of independ

ent concerns.

Shortly after the case was argued the court decided to postpone the decision and asked that the case be re-argued. This postponement was due in part to the death of Justice Brewer, the illness of Justice Moody and the recentness of the appointment of Justice Lurton; but it may also have indicated that the other six members of the court were not agreed as to the opinion which should be rendered, and on account of the importance of the case felt that at least five members should be in accord in the final decision. The case was to be reargued in January, 1911.

Besides a number of prosecutions by the State authorities, the United States government carried through an important suit against the Standard Oil Company of Indiana for violating the railway anti-rebate law. The company was originally indicted on 1524 counts for rebates on shipments from Whiting, Indiana, to Grand Junction and points beyond. On November 15, Judge McCall of the Federal Circuit Court at Jackson, Tenn., ruled that each settlement with the railway company, rather than each individual shipment of oil, constituted an offense. This reduced the number of counts to forty-six, involving a possible maximum fine of $920,000. On the 17th, he instructed the jury to give a verdict of not guilty. The court held that the rate which the company had paid to points beyond Grand Junction was the legally filed rate.

The Vacuum Oil Company, an American organization generally understood to be a subsidiary of the Standard and engaged in the refinement of oil in Austria, was the cause of diplomatic negotiations in November and December. This company alleged that the Austrian government was treating it unfairly, with the result that it was forced to close its refineries. A special commercial adviser of the State Department at Washington proceeded to Vienna to bring about an adjustment. His efforts were furthered by a protest of the producers of crude oil who, fearing the loss of their largest customer, petitioned the government to withdraw its repressive measures against the American company. Late in December it was announced that this would be done.

STANLEY, W. E An American public official, former governor of Kansas, died October 13, 1910. He was born in Ohio in 1848 and spent his boyhood in that State. In 1870 he removed to Jefferson county, Kansas, and in 1872 to Wichita. He was admitted to the bar in 1870 and in 1871-2 was county attorney for Jefferson county. From 1874 to 1880 he was county attorney for Sedgwick county. He declined an appointment to the Supreme Bench of the State. From 1889 to 1903 he was governor of the State. He was a member of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes in 1903-4.

STANTON, THEODORE. See. LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. STARS. See ASTRONOMY.

STATE BANK. The report of the Comptroller of the Currency summarized the condition of 12,166 State Banks on June 30, 1910. They had $435,822,000 capital and $3.694,958,000 in aggregate resources. Their loans and discounts were $2,406,466,000; bonds and other securities, $303,

STEAM ENGINES

SHIP PROPULSION. There was a steady increase in the use of turbine engines for ship propulsion, and in a few vessels reciprocating engines with exhaust steam turbines were installed. In the navies of the world, turbines may be said to have become the standard, almost displacing engines of the reciprocating type. Some excellent results were obtained recently with Brown-Curtiss turbines on H. M. S. Bristol, which on her trial trip attained a speed of 26.84 knots an hour. On a 22 hour run, the speed was 24.06 knots, and 14,300 horsepower was developed on each shaft.

STEAM TURBINE. See STEAM ENGINES. STEBBING, E. P. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

STEBBINS, ROSWELL OTIS. An American dentist and explorer, died May 24, 1910. He was born in Wetunka, Ala., 1855, and was educated in the schools of Willimantic, Conn., and at the New College of Dentistry. Besides keeping up active practice in his profession he early became interested in travel. In 1878 he explored the south fork of King's River in the Sierra Nevada mountains, and did considerable work along the same lines in Central America and Alaska. In 1894 he accompanied Dr. Frederick A. Cook to Greenland for the purpose of studying the teeth of the Esquimaux and he brought back many plaster of paris casts which he added to the collections in the United States National Medical Museum.

STEDMAN, LAURA. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography.

STEELE, ROBERT WILBUR. An American jurist, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Colorado, died October 12, 1910. He was born in Lebanon, Ohio, in 1857. His education was obtained from public schools, and in 1878-9 he studied in the law department of Columbian University. In 1881 he was admitted to the bar. From 1881 to 1885 he was clerk of the county court of Arapahoe county, Colorado. From 1892-95 he was district attorney of the second judicial district of Colorado. He was judge of Arapahce county from 1895 to 1901. In the latter year he was made justice of the Supreme Court of the State. He was made Chief Justice in 1907.

STEEL. See IRON AND STEEL.

STOCK-RAISING

of Harvard, Leipzig and Berlin. For thirty years prior to his death he occupied the chair of New Testament interpretation in the Rochester Theological Seminary. He was well known as a writer on philological and biblical subjects. Among his published works are the following: Select Orations by Lysias; Commentary on the Epistles to the Thessalonians; Outline Handbook of the Life of Christ (with Ernest D. Burton); Harmony of the Gospels for Historical Study (with Ernest D. Burton), and Life of the Apostle Paul.

STELLAR PHOTOGRAPHY. See AsTRONOMY.

STELLERITE. See MINERALOGY.

STELLITE. See CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL, paragraph Alloys.

STEPHENS, WINIFRED. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. STEREO-CHEMISTRY. See CHEMISTRY. STETSON, AUGUSTA E. See CHRISTIAN SCIENTISTS. STEVENS, JOHN AUSTIN. An American author, died June 16, 1910. He was born in New York City in 1827, and graduated from Harvard College in 1846. He engaged in business in New York City, and from 1862 to 1868. was secretary of the New York Chamber of Commerce. He was also secretary of the Treasury Note Company, and was later librarian of the New York Historical Society. He founded and was for many years the editor of the Magazine of American History, and he founded and was the first president of the Society of the Sons of the Revolution and the Loyal National League. His interest in historical research led him to write a number of works dealing with incidents in the life of the country. Best known of these are his compilation of the Colonial Records of the New York Chamber of Commerce from 1768 to 1783, his account of the centennial celebration of the same body in 1868, Memoir of George Gibbs, Resumption of Specie Payment, The Burgoyne Campaign (1877), The Expedition of Lafayette against Arnold, The French in Rhode Island (1878-81), The Life of Albert Gallatin (1902), The Physical Evolution of New York City in a Hundred Years, 1807-1907, (1907), and The Duke de Lauzun in France and America (1907).

An American He was born

STEVENSON, PAUL EVE. writer, died December 20, 1910. in New York City in 1868 and graduated from Columbia University in 1890. He was for a time connected with the commercial department of a ship designing firm. He was a lover of seafaring, and made several long voyages on sailing ships. He was the author of A Deep Sea Voyage, By Way of Cape Horn, and The Race for the Emperor's Cup.

STEWART, B. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description.

STOCK EXCHANGE. See FINANCIAL RESTOCK-RAISING. THE MARKET SUPPLY.

and the consequent excessive marketing of livestock, caused a shortage of meat-producing ani