Columbia, and the South Carolina Penitentiary Blind, $906; Penitentiary, $24,356; Soldiers' at Columbia. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT There was no session of the legislature of the State in 1910, as the sessions are biennial, and the last was held in 1909. The next session begins January 11, 1911. ure. Home, $1362; and Hospital for the Insane, $6213. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The only mineral product of considerable importance in the State is gold, which is found almost entirely in the Black Hills in the Homestake Mines. The value of the gold produced in 1910 was 5,187,070, a considerable decrease over the value of the product of 1909, which was $6,573,600. There were produced of silver 113,460 fine ounces as compared with 196,300 fine ounces in 1909. A in 1909. This amounted to 41,988 pounds. small amount of copper was mined in the State AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of leading crops for 1909 and 1910 are given in the following table: 1909 Acreage. Prod. bu. Corn, 1910... Oats, 1910 1909 3,375,000 43,500,000 ... Value. $21,620,000 32,635,000 CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. South Carolina is so emphatically a Democratic State that the nomination of Democratic candidates for office amounts practically to election. The chief issue in the State in 1910 was the liquor question. The State for several years has been under the dispensary system, which proved a failThere has been a strong sentiment for prohibition in the State, but dissatisfaction with the dispensary system has brought about a reaction, so that the prohibition forces are somewhat weakened. At the State primaries, held for nomination of State officers September 16, Coleman L. Blease, a Democrat and antiProhibitionist, received the nomination for governor. The Republican party made no nominations for State officers. The Socialists, however, nominated C. W. Manning for governor. In the election on November 8, Mr. Blease received practically all the votes cast in the State, 30,739, as against 70 cast for the Socialist candiThe other Democratic State nominees date. were elected by practically the same vote. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Coleman Blease; Lieutenant-Governor, C. A. Smith; Secretary of State, R. M. McCown; Attorney-General, J. F. Lyon; Treasurer, R. H. Jennings; Comp. There was no session of the State legislature troller-General, A. W. Jones; Superintendent of in 1910, as the sessions are biennial, and the Education, J. E. Swearingen; Adjutant-General, last was held in 1909. W. W. Moore; Commissioner of Agriculture, E. J. Watson; Commissioner of Insurance, F. H. McMaster-all Democrats. JUDICIARY. Supreme Court: Chief Justice, Ira B. Jones; Justices, C. A. Woods, Eugene B. Gary, D. E. Hydrick; Clerk, U. R. Brooks-all Democrats. L. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Democrats, Senate, 43; House, 124; Joint Ballot, 167. SOUTH DAKOTA. One of the West North Central Division of the United States. It has an area of 77,614 square miles. Its capital is Pierre. POPULATION. The population in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 583,888, as compared with 401,570 in 1900, and 348,600 in 1890. The percentage of increase in the decade from 1900 to 1910 was 45.4 per cent. The State ranks thirty-sixth in point of population, whereas in 1900 it ranked thirty-eighth. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the articles UNITED STATES CENSUS. FINANCE. The report of the treasurer for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, showed a balance on hand July 1, 1909, of $789,886. The receipts for the year were $4,439,864, and the disbursements were $4,567,182, leaving a balance on hand June 30, 1910, of $662,569. Rye, 1910 41,581,000 42,829,000 10,522,000 14,790,000 1,025,000 18,655,000 10,633,000 8,960,000 ELECTIONS. In the primaries, held on June 7, Governor Vessey was renominated by the Republicans. Congressmen Martin and Burke were also renominated. The Democrats nominated C. L. Wood for governor. In the election held on November 8, Governor Vessey was reelected by a majority of about 20,000. The proposed county option measure was defeated by about 15,000 votes as was also the proposed amendment providing for woman suffrage. Six laws and six amendments to the constitution were voted on, all being defeated except one allowing State school lands to be leased for agricultural purposes. The ballot was seven feet long and ten inches wide. The State gold production was lessened by reason of the big strike in the Homestake Mines. The bank reports for December showed deposits for $100 per capita in the State. The State again shows the largest per capita increase of wealth during the year of any State in the Union. Considerable progress in railroad building was made in 1910. Natural gas is becoming more extensively used at Pierre and westward. All power plants in the capital city are run by gas this year. A large amount of Indian reservation land was opened to homesteaders. Dewey County Governor, R. S. Vessey; CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable was organized. and correctional institutions of the State in- STATE OFFICERS. clude the School for the Deaf, the Northern Lieutenant-Governor, Frank M. Byrne; SecreHospital for the Insane, the School for the tary of State, R. S. Polley; Treasurer, George Blind, State Penitentiary, Soldiers' Home, and Johnson; Auditor, H. B. Anderson; Attorney. the Hospital for the Insane. The disburse- General, Royal C. Johnson; Superintendent of ments for these institutions during the year Education, C. G. Lawrence; Commissioner of were as follows: School for the Deaf, $882; Lands, F. F. Brinker; Commissioner of Insurthe Northern Hospital, $6414; School for the ance, O. S. Basford-all Republicans. SOUTH DAKOTA SUPREME COURT. Presiding Judge, Charles S. Whiting; Justices, Dick Haney, Elleson G. Smith, J. H. McCoy and Dighton Corson; Clerk, Frank Crane-all Republicans. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Senate, Republicans, 34; Democrats, 11. House, Republicans, 99; Democrats, 5. Joint ballot, Republicans, 133; Democrats, 16. Republican majority, Senate, 23; House, 94; joint ballot, 117. SOUTH, EDUCATION IN THE. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHERN CONFERENCE ON WOMAN AND CHILD LABOR. See CHILD LABOR. (aside from the service of the debt), it is esti mated that one-tenth, or over 41,000,000 pesetas annually, goes to the support of the church. Under this burden, and with the continual encroachment of church privilege, popular discontent has steadily grown, till the anti-clerical movement has become a serious factor in the politics of the day. AGRICULTURE. Of the total area, 79.65 per under crops and gardens, 3.7 under vineyards, cent. is productive; of this, 33.8 per cent. is 1.6 under olives, 19.7 under pasture, 20.8 under fruits. The area under principal crops and the yield are given as follows for two years: Wheat Oats Corn Olive Oil b.. Saffron c 1000 acres 1909 1000 bushels 1910 1909 1910 9,347 9,598 144,105 137,236 3,480 83,938 a Yield in 1000 gals. b Yield in 1000 tons. c Yield in 1000 lbs. SOUTHERN NIGERIA. A British colony and protectorate, formed by the union of Lagos and the old protectorate of Southern Nigeria (1906). Area, 77,260 square miles; Barley approximate population, 6,000,000, largely Yor- Rye ubas. Capital and chief port, Lagos (57,000 inhabitants). There are government and mission schools. The chief products and exports are mahogany, palm oil and kernels, rubber, cotton, cacao, coffee, gum copal, ivory, hides, nuts, fruits, etc. Manganese, galena, cassiterite, lignite, and monazite are present. Imports (1909), £4,529,604 (Great Britain, £3,788,509); exports, £4,114,237 (Great Britain, £2,003,238). Revenue, £1,361,891; expenditure, £1,648,680. A railway from Iddo Other agricultural products are esparto grass, Island via Ilorin to Jebba on the Niger flax, hemp, pulse, almonds and other nuts, and (306 miles) in operation; sion is building through Zungeru (N. Nigeria) to join the Baro-Kano line. Length of telegraph lines, 1500 miles. Governor and commander-in-chief (1910), Sir Walter Egerton. Military operations which had been going on for some time past against a native secret society, known as the "Silent Ones," resulted in the surrender of a force of 200 in June. SOUTHHAMPTON DOCKS. See Docks AND HARBORS. SOUTH POLE. See POLAR RESEARCH A constitutional monarchy of EDUCATION AND RELIGION. Primary education is mainly free and nominally compulsory. Many private schools are under clerical control; and a large proportion of the population are illiterate. There are some 32,000 schools, with about 2,350,000 pupils. The secondary institutions are insufficient. There are nine universities. fruits. Livestock (1908): 445,776 horses, 1,622,282 mules and asses, 2,452,197 cattle, 16,119,051 sheep, 3,355,404 goats, 2,120,177 swine. Silk culture is carried on in several provinces. Spain is a sparsely timbered country, and imports quantities of lumber. MINING. Spain abounds in iron, copper, lead, and other minerals; its resources are only partially exploited and chiefly by foreign capital under foreign management. Strikes were prevalent in 1910. The coal output increased from 1,730,000 metric tons in 1895 to 3,690,000 in 1908. The estimated consumption in 1908 was 5,638,000 tons, the deficiency being made up by imports, largely from Great Britain. Other mining products are iron, 9,896,176 metric tons in 1907; copper, 3,182,645; iron pyrites, 225,950; zinc, 191,853; argentiferous lead, 165,289; lead, 113,632; manganese, 41,504; mercury, 28,672; tin, 315; salt, 605,895. 789; sulphur, 27,045; phosphorite, 3547; silver, OTHER INDUSTRIES. The manufactories of cotton textiles employ about 68,300 looms, with 000. There are 144 paper mills and 34 glass2,614,500 spindles; of woolens, 8800, with 662,factories. The cork manufactories produce about 30,000 tons annually. 67,000 men; value of annual catch (mostly sarThe fisheries employ about 14,700 boats and dines, tunny fish, and cod), about 38,000,000 pesetas. COMMERCE. The special trade is shown for three years in pesetas: The Roman Catholic is the State religion, and the public observance of any other form of worship was prohibited till June, 1910, when a Imports 1907 1908 1909 .947,813,634 981,625.369 951,021,647 royal decree was issued permitting dissident Exports ..943,559,526 896,342,677 926,078,722 congregations to distinguish their places of worship by emblems or letterings. There are 3253 religious associations, with 50,670 mem Details of the trade for 1909 are reported as bers (40,040 women). Of the total expenditure follows in thousands of pesetas: Classes Foodstuffs, beverages, etc.. ..... The budget for 1910 is seen below, in thouImports Exports sands of pesetas; totals, 1,090,757,427 and 1, 158,083 320,846 Drugs and chemical products.. 123,231 36,162 048,886,064: Cotton and cotton manufactures.. 121,540 64,922 119,668 3,394 Timber, wooden goods, etc... 52,509 50,701 Customs 5,760 Alcohol 19,026 8,209 25,711 Other 14,600 Marine ...... 31,358 17,484 Special imports.. Packing Total merchandise. Total To show the principal articles of trade the following returns from a British source are given for the imports from and exports to Great Britain, in thousands of pounds sterling (1909): Domains Total ARMY. The law of December 26, 1907, governs the organization of the army which is restricted to an effective strength of 80,000 which at cer£3,684 tain times of the year can be increased by the 2,085 Minister of War to 100,000, if corresponding re1,224 ductions are made at other times to compensate for the extra expense Thus there is maintained 640 for the second battalions of infantry regiments 558 and the fourth squadron of cavalry regiments 376 only a skeleton organization. Service is oblig320 atory but there are numerous exceptions and 259 in 1910 the contingent amounted to 127,029 men 297 of whom 75,000 were embodied. Three years are 188 spent in the active army; three in the first re113 serve, and six in the second reserve. The military estimates of 1910 gave the establishment as 80,000 officers and men, of which 45,000 were infantry, 12,600 cavalry, and 13,000 artillery, these figures including the garrisons of Ceuta, Melilla, Minorca, and the Canaries. There are eight captain-generalcies with headquarters at Madrid, Seville, Valencia, Barcelona, Saragossa, Burgos, Valladolid, and Coruña, respectively. There are 14 divisions to the army and the organization was as follows: Infantry, 59 regiments; chasseurs, 20 battalions; 4 African regiments, 2 regiments in Balearic Islands, 2 regiments in Canary Islands, recruiting cadres, etc. Cavalry, 28 regiments and 3 squadrons for foreign possessions. Artillery, 13 field, 1 siege and 3 mountain batteries, each with 6 guns, 14 fortress battalions, 1 central gunnery school, 1 central remount committee and 4 companies of artificers. There were 4 regiments of sappers and miners, 1 pontoon regiment, 1 telegraph battalion, 1 topographical brigade, 1 company of artificers and 8 reserve depots, with 5 separate companies of sappers and miners for the Balearic Islands. The new artillery armament of 1909 had been tested at Melilla, and the Schneider 12-pounders were distributed throughout the artillery. During the year the The principal countries of origin and destination, with the value of their trade in 1908, were: Great Britain, imports and exports, 196,195,000 and 268,886,000 pesetas respectively; France, 142,762,000 and 157,653,000; United States, 138,513,000 and 41,065,000; Germany, 104,916,000 and 53,637,000; Portugal, 47,855,000 and 41,654,000; Belgium, 27,322,000 and 27,176,000; Argentina, 26,425,000 and 49,339,000. Vessels entered (1908), 19,588, of 18,673,034 tons (10,517, of 6,988,613 tons Spanish); cleared, 17,728, of 19,129,029 tons (534, of 7,043,909 tons Spanish). Railways in operation January 1, 1910, 14,596 kilometres (9069 miles). Telegraph lines (1908), 36,158 kilometres; wires, 80,927; offices 1735. Post-offices, 4845. FINANCE. The peseta, the monetary unit, is valued at 19.3 cents. The revenue and expenditure for three years are given in pesetas: a Including 53,799,594 pesetas for military oper- African garrison was reorganized and a number ations at Melilla. The total of the public debt stood January 1, 1909, at 9,431,625,572 pesetas. Against its total obligations the government held credit balances at the Bank of Spain amounting at the end of 1909 to 129,157,482 pesetas. The conversions of the peseta were made at the nominal rate of 19.3 cents; the average exchange value in 1909 was 17.5 cents. of changes in the high commands were made. NAVY. |