tively. The inhabitants of the colony are de- The first reason for this diminution was that the French crop resulted shorter by about onehalf; then the Italian crop has constantly decreased since 1907, and the crop reports from the Levant were no better. At the same time, a further increase in the production of the Far East, namely of Japan, was reported. So that, during the first months of the season and until the mishaps to the second and third crops of Japan became known, it was generally expected that the yellow silks of Europe would scarcely be up to the requirements, while there would be an excess of Asiatic silks, particularly if the American market did not revive. Other authorities also estimated the yield of the crop at about 5 per cent. less than the preceding year. Further study showed that the damage to the French crop was much more serious than had been anticipated, the result being reduced by just one-half, amounting to only 340,000 kilos against 674,000 kilos in 1909; in Italy the deficit was limited to about 5 per cent., in Hungary to 12 per cent. The principal crops of Asia Minor, too, had suffered considerably, and in Brusa the difference was estimated at fully one-third, the crop yielding barely 460,000 kilos against 630,000 kilos the year before. The crop in China was estimated first at about 500,000 kilos less, Japan at slightly more than the preceding season. The following table prepared for the American Silk Journal gives the estimates of the different countries compared with the two years preceding: SILK CROP ESTIMATES: American Silk Journal SILK fall of the year, had an abundant yield, and was estimated to be about 2 per cent. larger than in 1909. These estimates were, however, considerably modified a little later in the year, as regards the two largest silk producing countries in the Far East. In Japan the third crop was much damaged by disastrous floods, which affected about twenty of the largest silk raising districts of the empire. The damage was said to amount to as much as 40 per cent. of the autumn crop in the inundated regions and caused the original estimate of the year's export to be reduced from 145,000 bales to 135,130 bales by the end of August. Later on this was further reduced to about 125,000 bales, while there was a similar reduction in China silk. The raw silk market during the year 1910 was crossed by a long period of dullness which changed in September to an extraordinary demand for the Japanese product, which lasted until November. This was accompanied by considerable speculation, and a good business in silk piece goods for delivery in the spring of 1911 was expected. The Japanese crop of 190910 had proved to be the largest on record, but the crop of 1910-11 as we have seen would have exceeded this amount had it not been for a series of floods in the growing districts which involved serious damage to the cocoons. The first estimate for the Japanese crop of 1910-11 ranged from 140,000 bales to 150,000 bales but at the end of the year many authorities reduced these figures to 125,000 or 135,000 bales. The Italian raw silk crop was reported smaller than for the previous year, while the Canton and Shanghai silk crops were of fair size. At the end of the year 600,000 bales of Japanese silk had been exported to the United States while over 24,000 bales had found their way to Europe. Similar figures for 1909 for the exports between July and December were 50,000 bales to the United States and 27,500 bales to Europe. Canton silks were also in demand especially by the broad silk manufactures and prices were advanced during the closing months of the year. Late in the summer the manufacturing situation began to improve and the outlook became brighter for a good spring season for silk fabrics of all kinds. The American mills, which for a long time past had been overcautious in their purchases, decided that the time looked ripe for replenishing their supply. At the close of the year the raw silk market in the United States was in a strong position and many believed that it marked the beginning of a new era of prosperity to the silk trade here and abroad, and of higher values. In 1909 the world's production amounted to 24,000,000 kilograms of raw silk with a consumption of 25,500,000; in 1910 there was estimated a production of less than 22,000,000 kilograms with an increased consumption. Two-thirds of the supply of Japan silks at the end of 1910 had been disposed of and shipped. Stocks at Yokohama at the end of 1910 stood at barely more than onehalf of what they were last year. As to Canton 5,560,000 silks, the market was entirely bare of stocks. At the end of the year the condition of finished goods in the American market had undergone a great change for the better and the situation of manufacturers was vastly improved, as a wise curtailment of production during the summer months had prevented any accumulation of new The tussah crop, which occurs later in the goods, and for desirable fabrics they were able Europe China Canton Japan Bengal Kilos 1908 Kilos Kilos 4,800,000 5,380,000 240,000 22,000,000 23,190,000 22,180,000 to name advances which the buyers are willing and ready to pay. At the beginning of the year 1910 large stocks of raw silk were on hand at nearly all the primary markets. At Yokohama, Shanghai, Canton, Milan and in the hands of the New York City importers there was a large supply, but this was gradually reduced during the first four months of the year and by the first of May prices began to stiffen, especially for Japan's raw silk. Owing to the increased use of flowers, feathers, and straw braids and other materials the ribbon business during the year 1910 was much less extensive than for any previous years and values were thought to be never as low as during that year. At the end of the year importers looked for improvement as an increased use of ribbons by Paris milliners was anticipated. The business in silk piece goods was also unsatisfactory though heavy Messalines or dress satins, printed Foulards, warp printed Persians, Marquissettes and similar fabrics enjoyed good business. Manufactures of silk and cotton mix tures were in many lines taking the place of the cheaper grades of silk. Silk importations in 1910 exceeded in quantity those of any earlier year, amounting in round terms to 25 million pounds, valued at 70 million dollars, and from this the mills of the United States were expected to turn out more than $150,000,000 worth of finished products. The estimate as to the value of the year's manufactures is based upon an actual total of 133 million dollars' output shown by the census of 1905, in which year the imports of raw silk amounted to but about 20 million pounds, against the 25 million pounds imported in 1910. Silk importations and the activity of the industry utilizing the raw material have shown a steady and rapid growth since the beginning of this industry a half century ago. The total quantity of silk imported in 1860 was approximately a quarter of a million pounds, though the exact figures cannot now be determined since only values were stated at that time. The total value of the imports of that year was approximately 1 million dollars. In 1870 the quantity of raw silk imported was, speaking in round terms, a half million pounds, valued at 3 million dollars; in 1880, 22 million pounds, valued at 12 million dollars; in 1890, 6 million pounds, valued at 192 million dollars; in 1900, 10 million pounds, valued at 321⁄2 million dollars; and in 1910, about 25 million pounds, valued at 70 million dollars. The foregoing figures of quantity include both "raw silk in skeins reeled from the cocoon or re-reeled" and "silk waste," the imports of waste being less than 4 million pounds in 1910, against about 22 million pounds of silk as reeled from the cocoon. figures, grown from 1743 in 1850 to 5435 in 1860, 6649 in 1870, 31,337 in 1880, 49,382 in 1890, 65,416 in 1900, and 79,601 in 1905. The wages paid in the industry, speaking in round terms, amounted to 1 million dollars in 1860, 2 million in 1870, 9 million in 1880, 18 million in 1890, 21 million in 1900, and 27 million in 1905; while the capital invested has increased from a half million dollars in 1850 to 3 million in 1860, 6 million in 1870, 19 million in 1880, 51 million in 1890, 81 million in 1900, and 110 million in 1905; the number of establishments having grown from 67 in 1850 to 624 in 1905. The importations of silk manufactures show much less change than either imports of raw material or domestic production. The value of silk manufactures imported in 1850 was 18 million dollars; in 1860, 33 million; in 1870, 24 million; in 1880, 32 million; in 1890, 39 million; in 1900, 31 million; and in 1910, 33 million, these figures of importations of silk manufactures being in all cases those of the fiscal year, while those of raw silk imported are, in the more recent periods, those of calendar years, with the purpose of presenting the latest available data. On the export side the figures are small. The largest exportation of silk manufactures of domestic production ever recorded was in the fiscal year 1910-only $1,097,593, and of silk goods manufactured in foreign countries, $186,515, thus indicating that practically all of the 200 million dollars' worth of silk goods produced and imported annually is consumed in the United States. SILVER. The production of silver throughout the world in 1910 according to the preliminary estimates made by the Director of the United States Mint was 217,788,714 fine ounces as compared with 211,215,633 fine ounces in 1909. Of the countries producing silver, increases in production were shown in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and South America, while decreases were shown in Africa and several of the countries producing smaller quantities. The production of each country in 1909-10 is shown in the following table: SILVER PRODUCTION OF THE World 213,122 29,373 786,620 4,767,091 54,721,500 27,878,590 73,942,432 1,076,577 16,359,284 132,122 158,546 999,184 5,332,901 213,122 29,373 5,332,901 786,620 4,767,091 829,025 7,971 592,042 673,302 Great Britain. Servia Italy Spain Turkey Greece France Meantime the production of silk manufactures in the United States has grown from 12 million dollars' value as recorded by the census of 1870 to 41 million in 1880, 874 million in 1890, 1074 million in 1900, and 1334 million in 1905, a rate of growth which, taken in conjunction with the known increase in importations of raw silk, seems to fully justify the expectation that the value of the products of the silk manufacturing establishments of the country will, in the census of 1910, show an aggregate of considerably more than 150 million dollars. Dutch East Indies. The number of persons employed in the silk manufacturing industry has, according to census Japan Korea British East Indies Total. 829,025 7,971 went chiefly to the United Kindom and in smaller amounts to Hongkong and France. PRODUCTION BY STATES Alaska The production of silver in the United States as estimated by the Director of the Mint was in 1910 56,438,695 fine ounces as compared with a production of 54,721,500 fine ounces in 1909, an increase of 1,717,195 fine ounces. This increase is due chiefly to increased production of silver from dry and siliceous gold-silver ores, from lead ores, and to a smaller degree from zine ores, as it was known that the production Alabama of copper, the ores of which supply nearly onethird of the silver output of the United States, was somewhat decreased during 1910. The production of both lead and zinc, however, increased in 1910. The average price of copper was slightly lower than in 1909, the average price of lead was increased and that of spelter remained the same. The rather remarkable decrease in both the quantity and price of copper and the increase in both the quantity and price of lead in 1910 were accompanied by an increase in both the quantity of silver produced and the average price of the metal. The silver mining industry was therefore prosperous in 1910. The value of the production is estimated at $30,194,702 as compared with a value for the production of 1909 of $28,455,200. The average price of silver in 1909 was 52 cents a fine ounce, while in 1910 the price rose to 53.5 cents a fine ounce. New Hampshire North Carolina 400 Oregon. 69.600 Pennsylvania. Philippine Islands. 3,000 Kansas 196,300 65,300 408,100 10,551,100 6.400 75,200 1,800 539,839 56,438,695 South Carolina Utah Miscellaneous Total... 54,721,500 2 4.113 11 113,460 75 714 365 854 11,242,301 34 176,816 1.363 66.476 The following table taken from the Engineering and Mining Journal shows the monthly average prices of silver in New York and London in 1909-10: SILVER: MONTHLY AVERAGE PRICES With the decrease, since the bonanza days of Oklahoma the great Comstock and other silver mines, of production from ores essentially classed as silver ores and the serious decline in market price, the production of silver in the United States has shown a certain independence of its market price and has depended rather on the mining of gold, copper, lead, and mixed ores. With satisfactory prices for the base metals and decreasing costs for mining and smelting them on a large scale, and with the generally increasing gold production of recent years, silver production may therefore be expected to continue to increase in the United States, notwithstanding the growing production from Mexico and Canada and the higher tax imposed on silver by the Indian government. The large output in China and India, the growth of trade throughout the world and a tendency to a greater use of silver in the arts, as for example in photography, have sustained the price of the metal and held out hope for the immediate future. The table given at top of next column indicates the production of silver in the United States by States in 190910, according to the preliminary estimates made by the Director of the Mint. According to estimates made by the United States Bureau of Statistics the imports of silver in 1910 were valued at $29,599,000 for silver in foreign ore; $12,703,000 for silver in foreign bullion; $2,011,000 for silver in United States coin; and $1,097,000 for silver in foreign coin. The total value of silver imported is therefore estimated at $45,410,000 for 1910. The exports during the same year were valued at $350,000 for domestic ore; $30,000 for silver in foreign ore; $51,820,000 for silver in domestic bullion; $3,100,000 for silver in foreign bullion; $120,000 for silver in United States coin; and $550,000 for silver in foreign coin. The total value of exports in 1910 is estimated therefore at $55,970,000 or $10,550,000 in excess of the value of the imports. The imports of silver in 1910 were chiefly in ore and bullion and came mainly from Mexico and Canada. The exports were almost wholly in ore and bullion and 3.708 24.483 24.797 52.538 53.462 24.166 24.651 51.043 54.150 23.519 25.034 51.125 52.912 23.588 24.428 51.440 53.295 23.743 24.567 50.923 55.490 23.502 25.586 50.703 55.635 23.351 25.680 52.226 54.428 24.030 25.160 51.502 53.486 23.706 24.670 New York, cents per fine ounce; London, pence per standard ounce. SILVER. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. SIMMONS, JOSEPH EDWARD. An American financier, died August 5, 1910. He was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1841 and in 1862 graduated from Williams College. After studying in the Albany Law School he was admitted to the bar in 1863. He practised law for four years in the upper part of New York State and then removed to New York City where he engaged in the banking and brokerage business. The business prospered and he was soon able to purchase a seat in the New York Stock Exchange. During the financial crisis of 1884 he elected president of the New York Stock Exchange and was re-elected for the following year. He skillfully steered the Stock Exchange through the crisis of these years and then declined to serve another term. In 1888 he was elected president of the Fourth National Bank, was in which position he continued up to the time of his death. He was influential in guiding banks through the crises of 1893 and 1907. In the panic of the latter year he was among those bankers who stood firmly for the climination of Charles W. Morse from the banking field. In 1907 he was elected president of the New York Chamber of Commerce. Mr. Simmons was a conservative Democrat and took an active part in the campaign which led to the election of President Cleveland. The Democratic nomination for mayor was once offered to him, but he declined it in favor of Abram S. Hewitt. In 1907 he was appointed president of the Board of Water Supply, but resigned on account of the pressure of business. He was for ten years president of the Panama Railroad. Mr. Simmons was a director or trustee in many important financial companies. He was prominent as a Mason. SIMPSON, B. L. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. SIMPSON, F. A. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. SIMPSON, F. J. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. SINCLAIR, MAY. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. he SIPHON LOCKS. See CONCRETE. SKARBINA, FRANZ. A German painter, died May 18, 1910. He was born in 1849 in Berlin and studied in the Berlin Art Academy. From 1880 to 1893 he taught in the Berlin University School of Art, in which in 1888 he was made professor. In 1892 was made а member of the Academy for the Advancement of the Art of Engraving and was a partner in the art printing firm of Teubner and Voigtland. Among his best known paintings are Evening of Life," "Fishmarket in Blankenberg," "A Glimpse out of the Kaiser's Window," "Noon in Ostend," and "Villagers playing Cards." In 1905 a gold medal was awarded to him in Berlin for his engraving "The Imperial Palace in Berlin on a Winter Afternoon." He was a member of the Belgian Academy of Art in Antwerp. SKATING. The international outdoor skating championships were held at Saranac Lake, N. Y., in February. Edmund Lamy made a brilliant showing capturing the 220-yard, the half-mile, the mile, and the three-mile races. The 220-yard hurdles were won by W. G. Finlay son. In the international indoor championships held at Pittsburg Lott Roe made a new American record by skating one and one-half miles in 4 minutes 10 seconds. Both the mile and the five-mile races went to Edmund Lamy, while the two-mile event was won by R. Wheeler. The national outdoor championships were held on Orange Lake, near Newburg, N. Y. Joseph Miller won the quarter-mile race, William Burk holder the half-mile, and William Kuehne the mile. At the national indoor championships held in Cleveland, Edmund Lamy won the quarter-mile and one and a half mile races, while Philip Kearney captured the mile event. Davos, Switzerland, and here Mathiesen established the new records of 44% seconds for the 500-metre, 1 minute 31% seconds for the 1000metre, and 2 minutes 20% seconds for the 1500-metre races. SLADEN, D. B. W. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. SLAVIC PHILOLOGY. See PHILOLOGY. SLEEPING SICKNESS. The study of this disease progressed steadily during 1910, and several new features of importance were brought to light. Both in Uganda and in German East Africa it is realized that control of the malady must be had before these territories will be fit for white settlement, and the respective governments are bending every energy toward stamping it out. Professor Steudel, of the German Colonial Office, made a thorough investigation of the spread of sleeping sickness. He reports that there are several foci in German East Africa: two on Lake Victoria-one in the district of Bukoba, containing 1000 cases, another in the district of Schirati, containing 800 to 1000 cases; and a third focus exists to the north of Lake Tanganyika, containing several thousand cases. This is the largest district, and to render it free from the disease will necessi tate a great deal of work. Another very old focus is located in Togo. Here the malady runs a milder course, shows less tendency to spread, and is more amenable to arsenical treatment. A remarkable fact, according to Locke, is that the arsenical preparations appear to vary widely in their effect in different localities. While patients in Togo are easily influenced by arsenicals, those on the Congo and at Kamerun (Cameroon) are affected only with difficulty. A marked difference is also noted with regard to the susceptibility to arsenic poisoning by natives in different districts, all of which renders the problem of treatment by means of these preparations highly complex. Another fact of importance was brought out by Klein in German East Africa, namely, that the tsetse-fly (Glossina palpalis) can remain infectious for several months, or even longer. Sir David Bruce found that the period of infec tivity might last seventy-five days instead of forty-eight hours, as was formerly believed. This discovery has somewhat vitiated the theory that populations removed from fly districts could be returned to their homes after a brief period, or that these areas can be repopulated by other healthy people. Still another circumstance which complicates the situation is that certain individuals, themselves showing no signs of sleeping sickness, can harbor trypanosomes in their blood and act as carriers. Sanitary measures on a large scale are being carried out on the lines laid down by Robert Koch. All individuals affected are segregated in colonies, the flies and their breeding places are destroyed by cutting down brush and reeds, and in addition the destruction of crocodiles, which also harbor the trypanosomes in their blood, is being carried out. Natives are removed from the fly districts and compelled to reside in healthy places free from flies. In the ten German segregation stations in East Africa, 6167 patients have been continuously under the supervision of nine physicians and sixteen sanitary assistants, both ambulant and hospital treatment being instituted. A Russian skater, Strunnikow, carried off the point trophy at the world's championships held in Helsingfors, Finland, in March, although he took first place in the 10,000-metres event only. Mathiesen of Norway won the 500-metre and 3500-metre races, and Johannsen of the same country captured the 5000-metre race. The Evidence was brought forward that sleeping championships of Europe were contested for at sickness is spread by another fly besides the Glossina palpalis (tsetse-fly). In Northwest Rhodesia, a number of cases of sleeping sickness occurred among both whites and natives. In this district no Glossina palpalis has been found, and the nearest point at which the fly lives is 400 miles distant. The newly suspected insect is another species of tsetse-fly known as Glossina morsitans, which is found in regions much farther south than the Glossina palpalis, where the latter is unknown. If these observations prove correct, a considerable modification in the sanitary measures already undertaken will have to be made. Those interested may consult the Bulletins of the Sleeping Sickness Bureau, London. The librarian of the Bureau, G. A. Thimm, has compiled a Bibliography of Trypanosomiasis, an index of published works on the subject. More than 2000 titles are included. SLOANE, W. M. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. SLOCUM, C. E. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. SMALL HOLDINGS. SMALL HOLDINGS BRITAIN, History. See AGRICULTURE. ACT. See GREAT SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION. According to the public health reports of the Marine Hospital Service, smallpox was present during the winter and spring of 1909-10 in almost every State of the Union. The disease has been unusually prevalent in the United States during the last ten years. From 1901 to 1903 it was epidemic and 4658 deaths were recorded. It is estimated that at least onetenth of the population, or eight to nine millions of people, were unvaccinated. These constitute fuel for the propogation of the disease. Variola varies in virulence in different places and at different times, from less than 1 per cent. mortality to over 30 per cent. During epidemics, it may assume a most virulent form at any time among the unvaccinated population. The United States has succeeded in stamping out smallpox in the Philippine Islands. Up to 1909, 3,515,000 vaccinations had been performed, without a single death or serious accident occurring. Whereas in the provinces of Cavite, Batangas, Cebu, Bataan, La Union, Rizal, and La Laguna, smallpox had caused more than 6000 deaths annually, since the completion of thorough vaccination not a single death has occurred. Schamberg cites other figures to illustrate the protective value of vaccination. While the deaths from smallpox among physicians (a class particularly well vaccinated) are but thirteen per million in England, the deaths among the general population are seventy-three per million. In scarlet fever, on the other hand, against which physicians have no special protection, the fig ures are reversed. Fifty-nine medical men per million die of scarlet fever, as against sixteen per million of the general population. It is a common observation that nurses and physicians, who are vaccinated and who are in constant attendance upon smallpox patients, rarely contract the disease, and still more rarely lose their lives. Sandwith points out the cost of anti-vaccinationist agitation in England and contrasts the smallpox situation in that country with that of Germany. In Germany, no such views in regard to the liberty of the subject, as prevail in Great Britain, exist to interfere with the thorough compulsory vaccination of the people. SMITH Consequently, the only provision necessary in Berlin for smallpox is a dozen beds in a general fever hospital. Near London, on the other hand, a number of hospitals, containing 2040 beds, have to be kept constantly ready for an epidemic The capital outlay for this purpose amounts to $2,500,000, and the annual expenditure to $65,000. See VITAL STATISTICS SMITH COLLEGE. An institution for the higher education of women at Northampton, Mass., founded in 1875. In 1909-10 the number of students was 1618 and there were 124 members in the faculty. There were no notable gifts received during the year or noteworthy changes in the faculty The productive funds of the college amounted in 1909-10 to $1,280,000 and the annual income is about $85,000. There are about 30,000 volumes in the college library. The President is Marion Le Roy Burton. SMITH, EDGAR MEAD. An American publicist, died April 9, 1910. He was born at Islip, L. I., in 1826. At the age of 18 he began the study of law, but abandoned it for a mercantile career in New York City. About twenty years previous to his death he retired from business He took an active part in the abolition movement and was for years a prominent figure in business and political circles in New York City. SMITH, GOLDWIN. An Anglo-American publicist, died June 7, 1910. He was born at Reading, Berkshire, England, in 1823. His father was a physician and from him the son inherited considerable property. He was educated at Eton and at Magdalen College, Oxford, graduating from the latter institution in 1845. During his college career he gained several prizes and two scholarships. In 1847 he became a fellow of University College, Oxford, and in the same year was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, but never practised law. From 1858 to 1866 he was regius professor of modern history at Oxford. He visited the United States in 1864 and during the Civil War was an ardent supporter of the North. Previous to his visit he had written pamphlets entitled Does the Bible Sanction Slavery? and On the Morality of the Emancipation Proclamation. While in the United States he made a lecturing tour and on his return to England published The Civil War in America. In 1868 he resigned his post at Oxford for family reasons and removed to the United States. Cornell University was at that time in the process of being organized by Ezra Cornell and Andrew D. White and they secured the services of Goldwin Smith as lecturer on English and constitutional history remained in this position until 1871, when he removed to Toronto, Canada, which was his residence during the remainder of his life. He retained a non-resident professorship at Cornell. In Toronto he continued his work as author, critic, and historian, expressing clearly the convictions he had arrived at through serious thought and study. In politics he styled himself a moderate liberal and he was opposed to party expediency as a means by which political corruption obtained its ends. He was a firm believer in the expediency of a union between Canada and the United States and he worked earnestly to bring this about. This brought him some degree of unpopularity in Canada. In addition to his other writing, for more than a generation he contributed a weekly article to the Farmer's Son of Toronto under the pen name He |