Barley SERVIA Crops 105,843 672,748 6,141,297 6,619 29,545 528 2,054 3,688 6,685 265,874 59,932 65,135 12,818,748 125,875,297 Total cereals....1,194,054 Wine 12,093 VACCINE THERAPY. A serum is made by the inoculation of an animal with successive doses of bacteria or toxins, thus producing in its blood a certain degree of immunity. This blood or serum, when injected into another animal, or human being, increases by so much Sugar beets... his resistance to the particular bacteria for Hay (meadow) Hay (clover). which the serum is prepared. The immunity Plums conferred is fleeting and passive, and, with the Potatoes exception of diphtheria antitoxin and possibly Vegetables cerebrospinal meningitis serum, the prophylactic value is greater than the curative power. Vaccines, on the other hand, aim to develop an active immunity in the blood of the sick individual. Vaccines are prepared in the following way: A culture is made of the particular germ desired; this culture is then killed by heat and suspended in normal salt solution in such a way that definite numbers of the killed bacteria can be given at a dose. Two kinds of vaccines are made: Autogenous vaccines, prepared from cultures derived from the lesion of the patient, and stock vaccines, derived from artificially propagated cultures of particular COMMERCE, ETC. Details of the special trade kinds of bacteria, streptococci, pneumococci, for 1909 and totals for three years are as follows etc. As different strains of the same organism (in thousands of dinars): vary in activity and virulence, better clinical results are had from autogenous vaccines. can readily be seen that the variety of these is endless and that the technique is simple in comparison with that of making antitoxic serums. Vaccines were used widely during the past year, but the science is still in an experimental stage. It SERVIA. A constitutional monarchy in the south of Europe; one of the Balkan States. Capital, Belgrade. Bel AREA, POPULATION. ETC. Area, 18,649 square miles. Population (1900), 2,493,882; estimated, December 31, 1908, 2,853,659. Marriages (1909), 26,641; births, 110,226; deaths, 83,350. grade had (1905) 77,116 inhabitants; Nish, 21,946; Kraguyevac, 15,596; Leskovac, 13,647. Elementary instruction is free, state-aided, and nominally compulsory. Attendance is poor; in 1900 only 16.99 per cent. of the total population could read and write. Schools (1907): 1292 primary, with 2373 teachers and 132,051 pupils; secondary, 20, with 327 and 6061; 4 normal, with 27 and 437; besides special and professional schools. Belgrade University had (19089) 902 students, of whom 46 were women. The Greek-Orthodox is the state religion; entire religious liberty prevails. PRODUCTION. Of the total population (1900), 2,093,947 were dependent on agriculture. Of the total area in 1905, 1,027,816 hectares were sown to crops, 25,815 were under gardens, 33, 101 under vines, 136,940 under orchards, 59,855 under common and 95,709 under other pastures, 322,683 under meadows, 136,399 in worked and 166,612 in unworked forests; miscellaneous, 50,246; making a total of 2,055,000 hectares of productive area. The area, production (in metric quintals), and value of the main crops in 1906 are shown in the table at top of next column. lignite output, (1907), 269,316 metric tons, valued at 3,045,621 dinars. Roads and railways are lacking for proper development of the mineral resources; though workable quantities exist of gold, copper, lead, zinc, antimony, silver, iron, quicksilver, asbestos, arsenic, chromium, graphite, gypsum, sulphur, marble, building stone, and oil shales. Milling, brewing, distilling, sugar refining, and iron working are carried on; and quantities of plum preserves are put up for export. Germany (1909) furnished imports valued at 28,858,000 dinars, and received exports valued at 15,595.000; Austria, 17,797,000 and 29,097,000; Great Britain, 7,585,000 and 142,000; Turkey, 4,856,000 and 21,974,000; France, 3,536,000 and 2,429,000; Italy, 2.345,000 and 3,047,000; Russia, 1,932,000 and 20,000; Rumania, 1,613,000 and 2,282,000; Belgium, 1,589,000 and 9,906,000. Total railway mileage (1908), 420 (one main line and branches); highways, 3495; telegraphs, 2140 (wires, 6030); post-offices, 1493. FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT. The unit of value is the dinar, worth 19.3 cents. Revenue and expenditure for three years have been as follows (1908 and 1909 estimates) in dinars: The budget for 1910 estimates the revenue at Livestock (1905): 969,953 cattle, 3,160,166 115,277,745 dinars, derived as follows: Direct sheep, 174,363 horses, 908,108 swine, and 510,- taxes, 32,235,000; monopolies, 30,010,000; cus063 goats. Sericulture employed (1907) 9850 toms, 12,300,000; state railways, 12,000,000; dopersons; export of cocoons, £30,538. Coal and mains, 7,000,462; excise, 6,600,000; judiciary taxes, 5,515,000; posts and telegraphs, 3,127,000; service and from 1861 to 1863 was Consul, and various, 1,951,283; extraordinary, 4,539,000. from 1863 to 1876 Consul-General at Shanghai, Expenditure, 115,072,843, distributed as follows: China. He was appointed Minister to Korea Debt, 33,196,850; war, 26,626,935; public works, in 1869, but at his suggestion the sending of 14,709,393; finance, 10,985,218; worship and in- a mission to that country was deferred. He was struction, 8,189,950; interior, 4,962,530; pen- Minister to China from 1876 to 1880, but on sions and subventions, 4,660,249; agriculture account of his refusal to undertake negotiations and commerce, 3,761,944; justice, 2,445,029; for a treaty restricting Chinese immigration, he foreign affairs, 2,435,364; civil list, 1,200,000; was recalled. During his service in China he Skupschtina, 674,000; various, 699,081; extra- was active in checking piracy and suppressing ordinary, 500,000. The debt stood, Jan. 1, 1910, riots. He was also engaged in diplomatic serat 536,720,000 dinars. An additional loan of vice in Korea and Siam. Returning to the 150,000,000 dinars nominal was realized in 1910. United States he became engaged in the business ARMY. The army is recruited by compulsory of insurance and in 1887 was elected viceservice which begins at the age of 17 when president of the Fidelity and Casualty Company. youths are incorporated in the Landsturm to In 1893 he was made president of this company. which they return after service with the active. He was considered an authority on casualty Theoretically from the age of 21 there is 10 insurance. Mr. Seward wrote much relating to years of military service in the first line after his experiences in the East and on the diplomatic which the soldier passes to the second and third. and commercial relations of the United States In practice, however, the army is maintained with China. He received decorations in recog largely on a skeleton basis and service with the nition of his services from the Danish and colors is limited to two years for the cavalry French governments. He was president of the and artillery and 18 months in the other North China branch of the Royal Asiatic Sobranches. In fact many have only 6 months' ciety for two years. Among his published service with the colors. The skeleton organiza- writings are Chinese Immigration in its Social tions are maintained at an average strength and Economic Aspects and Digest of System of of 24,000 officers and men, with an increase of Taxation of New York (1902). He also made about 10,000 in the summer when additional frequent addresses and contributions on economic recruits are incorporated for training. The and sociological topics. organization of the first line comprises five divisions with a strength of 125,000 men and capable of being increased to an army of 200,000 ready to take the field. The infantry comprise 30 2-battalion regiments and 2 battalions of frontier guards, armed with Mauser rifles. The militia when mobilized would supply 45 regiments for the first and second lines. During the year a school of musketry was established at Belgrade. In 1910 the war budget amounted to 26,626,935 dinars, an increase of 5,389,710 dinars over that of the previous year and represented 23 per cent. of the total budget. The increase was desired to augment the number of troops but especially the number of officers, and the effective strength of the army, and to provide additional equipment and facilities. Es timates vary on the actual fighting qualities of the army. Many of the troops are raw and inexperienced while some of the officers are poorly and inadequately trained. SEWAGE PURIFICATION. INCREASING INTEREST IN SEWAGE PROBLEMS. Considering the vast amount of experimental and practical work already done in the field of sewage disposal the problems still awaiting a satisfactory solution are various and troublesome. These problems, however, relate to details of construction and operation and to costs rather than to sanitary efficiency. The number and difficulty of the problems attendant on sewage disposal are largely accounted for by the fact that sewage is a complex substance and that its treatment and final disposal is influenced not only by the complex character of the material itself, but also by the number and variety of local conditions which must be met and which are rarely the same in any two communities. The composition of sewage varies with the character of the city, whether purely residential, chiefly industrial, or mixed; and again with the character of the population and of the local industries; and still further from hour to hour and even from day to day. Then, too, the degree and character of treatment required varies largely with the kind and volume of water which is to receive the final effluent and the uses to which the water is put in relation to GOVERNMENT. The executive authority rests in the king, acting through a council of eight responsible ministers. The Narodna-Skupschtina is the (unicameral) legislative body, with 160 deputies, popularly elected. The reigning sovereign, Peter I (Karageorgevich), was born July 11, 1844; elected June 15, 1903; married the health and comfort of the people adjacent (1883) to Princess Zorka, of Montenegro (died 1890). Heir-apparent, Prince Alexander, born December 16, 1888. The council in 1910 (constituted October 24, 1909) was as follows: Premier, N. P. Pashich; Foreign affairs, Dr. M. G. Milovanovich; Finance, S. M. Protich; Worship and Instruction, S. M. Protich (ad int.); Justice, K. Timotievich; Commerce, Agriculture, etc., J. Prodanovich; Interior, J. Prodanovich (al int.); Public Works, V. Voulovich; War, Col. J. Goikovich. SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON. See BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICA. SEWARD, GEORGE FREDERICK. American financier, died November 28, 1910. He was born in 1840 and was educated at Seward Institute and Union College. He entered the government to or dependent on the water. The real nature of the sewage disposal problem, with its many complexities, is being appreciated in these later days as never before. As a result, a rational view of the subject is becoming more common and there is less attempt than formerly to insist on hard and fast rules as to either methods which must be adopted or results which must be attained. Two notable examples of the final prevalence of a rational view were afforded during the year, one in connection with the proposed disposal of the sewage of the Passaic River Valley municipalities into New York Bay and the other in connection with the proposed discharge of the sewage of Rochester, N. Y., into Lake Ontario. In each case a compromise was SEWAGE PURIFICATION effected which, while recognizing the necessity of partial purification, stopped far short of the extremes which had been urged by some of the champions of a high degree of purification or even the exclusion of the sewage from the waters in question. 657 SEWAGE IN NEW YORK HARBOR. In the case of New York Harbor the State of New York had brought suit for an injunction against the discharge of the sewage of the New Jersey communities into those waters, and the United States had sought and been granted intervention in the suit. The United States suit was with drawn in 1910, on a stipulatory agreement between the two sides of the controversy. The Passaic Valley Sewerage Commission agreed to build more efficient sewage purification works than it had at first proposed. The amended plans provided for: (1) coarse screens; (2) grit chambers; (3) self-cleaning screens with meshes having a clear opening of not over 0.4-in; (4) sedimentation tanks so proportioned as to detain the sewage not less than 12 hours at levels of average daily flow; (5) discharge of the final effluent into at least a 40-foot depth of water through at least 150 separate outlets, so exposed as to give a sewage disposal area of 3 acres or more, the discharge to be in a horizontal rather than an upward direction. Fur thermore, the works must be so designed, constructed, and operated as to produce no visible suspended particles of sewage in the bay; no deposits objectionable to the Secretary of War; no odors due to putrefaction; a practical absence of grease or color on the surface of the bay; no injury to public health, nor to property of the United States located in or on the harbor; nor may the sewage effluent so reduce the dissolved oxygen in the waters of the harbor as to interfere with major fish life. It was expected that New York State would follow the United States in withdrawing its suit, but this had not been done up to the close of the year. The Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York, which has made extensive technical studies of the existing and prospective pollution of New York Harbor, declared the compromise provisions just outlined insufficient to protect New York City and advised the city to petition for the right to intervene in the suit. Such a petition was filed in the United States Supreme Court, but was promptly denied. THE SEWAGE QUESTION IN ROCHESTER, N. Y. At Rochester, N. Y., the authorities proposed to divert the untreated sewage of the city from the Genesee River to Lake Ontario, with coarse screening and a short period of sedimentation before final discharge. The local press made strong protests and appeared to demand a high degree of purification. In due course the proposed plans were submitted to the State Department of Health for approval. The Department supplemented the advice of its own chief engineer with that of three outside engineers of national standing. The consensus of opinion was a virtual approval of the plans submitted by the city, which had been based on thorough-going engineering studies. The State Department of Health required some relatively slight changes in the plan, and then gave its approval, with the reserved power of requiring further changes should experience in dicate that they are necessary. The Rochester case is notable for the recognition given to the principle that under proper circumstances sew SEWAGE PURIFICATION age disposal by dilution, or in water is as proper as disposal on land. VARIOUS EXPERIMENTS. The experiments in sewage purification begun by the Massachusetts State Board of Health in 1887 are still being continued. They were revived and summarized in considerable detail in the annual reports of the Board for 1908 and 1909, appearing first in pamphlet form in 1910. Likewise the sewage experiments begun considerably later at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., are still in progress, latterly with a new equipment. A sewage experiment station has recently been established by the Sanitary District of Chicago, to help solve future problems in connection with the Chicago Drainage Canal and territory not yet tributary to the canal. During 1910 a report on sewage experiments made in 1909 at Gloversville, N. Y., was published, and a plant carrying out the conclusions of the report was put under construction. The plant will deal with domestic sewage of Gloversville combined with the industrial wastes of some two dozen tanneries. Considerable portions of the solids in the tannery wastes, however, are removed by sedimentation at the tanneries before the wastes enter the city sewerage system. The Gloversville plant will include screens, primary settling tanks, sprinkling filters, secondary settling tanks and sand filters, in the order named. The elaborate character of these works is due partly to the sort of sewage to be dealt with but largely to the very small summer flow of the stream into which the final effluent will be discharged, thus affording a marked contrast with the high degree of dilution afforded Rochester by Lake Ontario. THE SEPTIC TANK. The Imhoff sewage-clarification tank, a modification of the Travis hydrolytic tank, which in turn is based on the Cameron septic tank, is being used extensively in the Essen district of Germany, and has been adopted but not yet put in operation by the cities of Batavia, N. Y., and Atlanta, Ga. The aim of the septic tank is to retain the sludge or solid matters of the sewage for reduction to liquids and gases by anaerobic bacteria. To effect better control of the process than could be given by the simple rectangular septic tank, Travis, of Hampton, England, so modified the septic tank as to arrest the solid matters in one compartment and let them fall into a lower compartment for a less undisturbed and longer period of digestion than was offered by the septic tank. The sewage was so divided as to flow through both compartments, but at a lesser rate in the lower or digesting tank than in the upper or arresting tank. Imhoff uses a circular instead of a rectangular tank, and permits the sewage to flow through the upper or arresting compartment, only. The lower compartment is reserved exclusively for digesting the solids that fall to it from above, and the openings between the two are so arranged that the rising gases cannot carry solid particles into the upper compartment. It is reported that the sludge from the Imhoff tank is less offensive than that from either the Travis tank or the ordinary septic tank and that its final disposal is more readily accomplished, since after draining it resembles rich garden soil in texture. For detail of the Passaic Valley compromise, the Rochester controversy and its settlement, and the principles, design and practical operation of the Imhoff tank, see Engineering News, New York, for May 12, August 11 and December 1, 1910, Monograph of Alcedinida Hirundinida and respectively. Kinnicut, Winslow and Pratt's Paradiscida. He was the editor of Allen's Sewage Disposal (New York, 1910), is a notable Naturalists' Library. In 1905 he was president contribution to the American literature of the of the fourth International Ornithological Consubject. gress. SEWERAGE. The general principles and practice of sewerage design and construction underwent no significant change in 1910. The increasing use of concrete for sewerage conduits and tanks is giving rise to important questions as to the disintegrating effect of sewage upon concrete but no large body of conclusive evidence on the subject has yet been published. A revised edition of Folwell's Sewerage (New York, 1910) has appeared. SHAFROTH, JOHN F. See COLORADO, Politics and Government. SHAKESPEAREANA. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Essays and Literary Criticism. SHARP, WILLIAM. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. SHAW, CHARLES HUGH. American botanist and educator, died August 8, 1910. He was born at Delaware, O., in 1875 and graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1897. From 1895 to 1897 he was instructor of botany in that institution and from 1898 to 1903, professor of botany at Temple University. In 1900-02 he was lecturer at Woods Hole. He was the author of several works on botanical subjects. SHEEP. See STOCK RAISING. SHELDON, EDWARD. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Poetry and Drama. SHERRY. See LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DISTILLED. SHIPBUILDING. Lloyd's Returns of Shipbuilding for 1910 gave the total merchant shipping launched during the year throughout the world as 1,975,853 tons, exclusive of warships and vessels of less than 100 tons. Of this Great Britain and Ireland were responsible for 581⁄2 per cent.; the United States. 17 per cent., mostly for lake and inland navigation; Germany 8.15 per cent.; France, 4.13 per cent.; Holland 3.63 per cent, and still smaller percentages for other countries. The 1910 figures show substantial gains for most of the nations represented, that of France amounting to 91% per cent.; Germany nearly 24 per cent., Holland 20 per cent., the United States, excluding river and harbor tonnage, 39 per cent., and the United Kingdom 15.13 per cent. The figures are given in detail in the accompanying tables. SHARPE, RICHARD BOWDLER. An English zoologist, died January, 1910. He was born in London in 1847 and was graduated in Peterborough and Loughborough grammar schools. After having filled various capacities in publishing houses, he was appointed first librarian of the Zoological Society of London, in 1867, serving until 1872. In the latter year he was appointed senior assistant in the department of zoology in the British Museum. Here he remained until 1895, when he became assistant keeper of the sub-department of vertebrata in the British Museum. He was one of the best known of modern ornithologists, and among his published works are the following: Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum (27 vols.); TABLE SHOWING THE TONNAGE OF VESSELS OF 100 TONS GROSS AND UPWARDS (EXCLUDING WABSHIPS) LAUNCHED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND ABROAD DURING THE YEARS 1905 TO 1910 (From Engineering, London) Ger United Other Countries Total Yr. United Austria British Den- '09 tens tons tons tons tons tons tons tons No. '05 1,623,168 16,402 10 798 17,557 73,124 255,423 44.135 61,629 31,725 52,580 302,827 25,354 1576 2,514,922 '06 1,828,343 18,590 26,042 24,712 35,214 318,230 66,809 30,560 42,489 60,774 441,087 26,913 1836 2,919 763 '07 1,607,890 8,717 46,443 28,819 61,635 275,003 68,623 44 .666 66,254 57,556 474,675 37,807 1788 2,778.088 '08 929,669 23,502 34,181 19,172 83.429 207,777 58,604 26,864 59,725 52.839 304,543 32.981 1405 1,833,286 991,066 25,006 7,461 7,508 42,197 128,696 59 106 31,217 52,319 28,601,209,604 19.276 1063 1.602,057 '10 1,143.169 14,304 26,343 12,154 80,751 159.303 70.945 23 019 30,215 36,931 331,318 29,401 1277 1,957,853 TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER AND DISPLACEMENT OF WARSHIPS OF 100 TONS AND UPWARDS LAUNCHED FOR THE VARIOUS NAVIES DURING THE YEARS 1905 TO 1910 (From Engineering, London) Year tons 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 French German British U. S. During the year eight large steamers of 10,000 tons or over were constructed in British yards. These are given in the table on the following page. For another year Messrs. Harland and Wolff of Belfast have the record for the construction of the largest tonnage launched in one year in the United Kingdom. Their total was 115,861 gross tons put into the water during 1910 as compared with 29,708 tons in 1908. The 1910 record of the Belfast shipbuilding firm has only been exceeded once by any single firm, which was in 1906, when Messrs. Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson launched from their ship yards a gross tonnage of 118,639 including in this amount the Cunard liner Mauretania. LAUNCH OF THE OLYMPIC. On October 20 there was launched at Belfast from the shipbuilding yards of Harland and Wolff the Olympic, the world's greatest steamship. The new vessel is equipped with combined turbine and reciprocating machinery which had proved so successful in the Laurentic, a smaller ship also of the White Star Line. The Olympic is 888 feet in length, 92% feet in breadth overall, 97 feet breadth over boat deck, 105% feet in height from bottom of keel to top of captain's house or 175 feet to the top of the funnels, has a maxi SHIPBUILDING AGGREGATES OF PRODUCTION IN THE UNITED NOTABLY LARGE MERCHANT STEAMERS BUILT IN KINGDOM. (From Engineering, London.) BRITISH YARDS IN 1910 Total merchant tonnagett...... New Zealand liner Rotorua 11,130 ........ Total for world Portugal... Russia ... ..... Sweden... colonial.. 1,356,934 1,139,120 889,236 3,234 9,869 361,605 150 990,893 Kingdom.. 1,742,365 1,003,855 1,117,296 1,277,814 ..... 3,009,299 2,142,975 2,006,532 2,268,707 mum draft of 371⁄2 feet and about 60,000 tons displacement. It is but natural to compare this vessel with the Mauretania, the next largest steamship and one which the Olympic closely resembles. The Cunard liner has a length of 790 feet and a displacement of about 45,000 tons at the same draft. On account of the huge size the launching of the Olympic presented many unique engineering features, and the launching weight of the vessel, about 27,000 tons, was the record weight ever transferred from land to water. A system of hydraulic triggers was arranged to hold the ship on the way and by the mere opening of a valve these were released and the ship was launched, the entire operation being executed with great success. It is quite obvious that in all the structural parts and machinery great masses of metal were involved and castings, beams, plates, propellers, shafting and other elements all reaching extraordinary size Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson, Newcastle. Harland and Wolff, Belfast. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto W. Denny and Bros. Dumbarton. Workman, Clark and Co. Ltd., Belfast Ditto Ditto Holt liner Eneas. 10.049 6,000 Holt liner Ascanius .10,049 6 000 * Engines by Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Co. and dimensions. The engines were designed to develop 45,000 horse-power which will maintain a speed of 21 knots. The two reciprocating engines drive the wing propellers, while the exhaust, steam at lower pressure passes into a low pressure turbine, this arrangement having been found most economical and efficient. Olympic was designed to furnish the maximum comfort for 2500 passengers and make the transatlantic trip at moderate speed. The crew numbers 860. 14. The At the end of the year such progress had been made with the construction of the Olympic that the official announcement was made that the ship would leave Southhampton and Cherbourg on her maiden voyage to New York on June This would give less than eight calendar months for the completion of the ship from the time of her launching on October 20 and indicates much greater speed than was shown in the case of the Lusitania and Mauritania which required twelve months fitting out after they had been put overboard. After the launch of the Olympic the most important event was the commencement of work on the Europa a new liner of even greater dimensions for the Hamburg-American Line for its transatlantic service. This new vessel whose keel was laid during the year is to be 900 feet in length, 96 feet beam, with a tonnage of 50,000. It will have an extreme displacement of between 60,000 and 70,000 tons and will have nine decks above the water line. The Europa is designed to accommodate without crowding 4250 passengers or more persons than the three largest hotels in New York combined. Comfort and convenience for those making the ocean voyage rather than extreme speed are the objects aimed at by the designers of the ship. UNITED STATES SHIPBUILDING. The Commissioner of Navigation reported 1196 sail and steam vessels of 334,900 gross tons built in the United States and officially numbered during the year ended December 31, 1910, as shown in table on page 660. SHIPBUILDING ON THE GREAT LAKES. During the year 1910, there were 51 vessels of all classes built on the Great Lakes, an increase of 12 over the year 1909; and as to size and carrying capacity, the output in 1910 was greater by 24,000 tons than in 1909. There were 20 steamers of more than 5000 tons each built, of which the William B. Palmer, 7600 tons, is the largest; and the total cargo carrying capacity of this group amounts to 194,500 tons. In the design of several of these great bulk freight |