RECALL 623 apply it. It has recalled an alderman and a mayor. The former had voted to give a certain political newspaper the city printing at a figure $15,000 above that bid by other journals. The removal of the mayor, who had been making unfit appointments to office, and was otherwise unworthy, was the second instance. The removal in March, 1909, of so important an official as a mayor awakened general interest and comment throughout the country. Mayor Harper resigned before the recall went into effect. A successor was elected at the special election called by the petition. He was re-elected at the regular election for the full term. At another time the threat of the recall directed against the council caused that body to rescind their vote giving away three miles of river bed worth a million dollars. DECISION IN THE CASE OF RICHMOND, CAL. In Richmond, California, in the spring of 1910, a petition was presented to the city council demanding a recall election for the entire council. The board refused to order the election upon the ground that the reasons set forth were not sufficient and the charges were not definite enough. The matter was then taken into the Superior Court through mandamus proceedings, and the superior judge issued a writ of mandate running to the council, ordering the election. The recall provision was upon argument declared constitutional by the Superior Court and then an appeal taken to the Supreme Court of the State. In Hilginger vs. Gilman, the Supreme Court of Washington (105 Wash. Reps. 471) has decided that the provision in a city charter for the recall of any elective officer is not in conflict with the constitution, providing that all officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal for misconduct or malfeasance, as provided by law. RECLAMATION RECEIVERSHIPS, RAILWAY. See RAIL WAYS. RECIPROCITY. See CANADA, History, and TARIFF. RECLAMATION. FEDERAL RECLAMATION. The projects for the reclamation of the arid public lands of the United States are carried on by the act of Congress approved June 17, 1902, known as the Reclamation act. This act set apart as a fund for the reclamation of arid lands all moneys received from the sale of public lands in certain of the Western States and Territories, excepting 5 per cent. of the proceeds of such sales, set aside by law for educational and other purposes. The receipts from this source to June 30, 1910, amounted to about $65,700,000 and the net investment of the fund in reclamation works on the same date amounted to $53,781,302. Since March 4, 1909, no new projects have been undertaken under this act, but prior to that date 32 primary projects had been undertaken, the net investment in which to June 30, 1910, amounted to $52,945,441. The receipts from the sales of public lands were found to be insufficient for the speedy completion of existing projects, and on the recommendation of the Secretary of the Interior and President Taft, Congress passed on June 25, 1910, a measure authorizing the issu ance of not to exceed $20,000,000 in certificates of indebtedness payable out of the reclamation fund five years after the date of their issue. The appropriation was made subject to the provision that it should be expended upon existing projects and necessary extensions and that no part of the amount should be expended until after the project shall have been examined and reported upon by a Board of the Engineering Officers of the United States Army and approved by the President as feasible, RECENT INSTANCES. Dallas, Texas, which is practical and worthy. The Board on December operating under the commission form, used the 26 recommended the expenditure of the $20,recall for the first time in the spring of 1910. 000,000 appropriated by Congress for the differTwo members of the school board removed a ent projects under construction as follows: teacher against whom there were no complaints Salt River, Ariz., $95,000; Yuma, Ariz. and or charges. In fact she was a particularly Cal., $1,200,000; Grand Valley, Cal., $1,000,000; efficient educator. One member of the board, it seems, desired the place for a friend and the teacher was summarily removed. The parents of the children took the matter to the public, a special election was called and the members of the school board "who fought a woman," were recalled. Seattle voters proposed in December to recall the mayor of that city, Hiram C. Gill, on the question of his administration of the laws relating to vice and graft. See WASHINGTON. Uncompahgre, Col., $1,500,000; Payette-Boise, Idaho, $2,000,000; Milk River, Mon., $1,000,000; North Platte, Wyo. and Neb., $2,000,000; Truckee and Carson, Nev., $1,193,000; Rio Grande, N. M., Tex., and Mexico, $4,500,000; Umatilla, Ore., $325,000; Klamath, Ore. and Cal., $600,000; Strawberry Valley, Utah, $2,272,000; Sunnyside, Yakima, Wash., $1,250,000; Tieton, Yakima, Wash., $665,000. Total, $20,000,000. The Reclamation Service began its work in ARGUMENTS FOR THE RECALL. In reply to 1902 on the passage of the act above menthe objection that the recall would lead to tioned. The first contract was let in Septemgovernmental instability, its advocates and ber of the next year and on June 17, 1905, an supporters aver that "it virtually operates in important project in Nevada was formally the House of Commons of England, through the opened. Since that date the activities of the failure of the cabinet to maintain a majority Reclamation Bureau have been extended to 26 or the success of a want of confidence motion. or more projects. In the seven and a half It actually exists in all the national and muni- years of its work, the service has built 4215 cipal offices of England, because the men who miles of canal; it has excavated 17 miles of hold the offices are appointed, and misbehavior tunnels and its excavations of rock and earth or inefficiency leads to suspension or dismissal. amount to 60,000,000 cubic yards. At the end Under our elective system, if we elect an of 1910 it had completed four of the highest official who turns out to be a fool or a rascal dams in the world. These were the great we have no redress. The recall would give the Roosevelt dam in Arizona, one of the most voters the power of discharging an incompe- massive in the world; the Shoshone dam in tent, or untrustworthy, servant. And that is Northern Wyoming, the highest structure of all. But the voters should have that power." its kind ever built; the Pathfinder in Southern Wyoming, and the Laguna dam in Arizona. During the year the Gunnison tunnel, whose completion was celebrated in 1909, was for the first time utilized. This The the PROJECT ACCOUNTS Projects Arizona, Salt River.. Orland Colorado, Grand Valley.. Idaho, Boise Mini doka. St. Mary, Milk River.. New Mexico, Carlsbad Hondo N. Mex., Texas, Rio Grande. Unatilla... R. G. Dam Appn. Indian Projects. Cost $9,726,017.25 43,537.95 4,219,396.66 480.988.21 79,558.68 4.466,882.30 4,138,769.07 4,510,743.66 428,142.40 1,039,372.82 891,690.28 782.293.48 2,994.901.12 5,541,306.53 4,292.573.05 856.523.48 325.068.64 300.935.26 516 265.74 936.542.61 8.873.17 42.930.95 1,389.127.92 2,093.573.59 2.792.810.19 1.116.558.46 646.336.76 5.046.181.41 3,794.800.62 587,354.03 12.664.33 43.578.16 55.787.04 141.618.79 49,558.92 $64,420,263.53 Among the several large projects under construction in 1910, one of especial interest is This is the located in Northern Wyoming. Shoshone dam, mentioned above, built to control the waters of the Shoshone River. dam has a wedge of concrete 328 feet from base to top. A smaller dam will divert the waters through a tunnel 34 miles long into a canal which for forty miles passes along the upper edge of a broad and fertile valley containing 150,000 acres. Another notable project is the Belle Fourche project in South Dakota. Across the valley of the Belle Fourche, which contains 100,000 acres of prairie, many miles of canal have been laid, and what was a short time ago a free cattle ranch region is rapidly becoming a compactly settled agricultural community. An impressive engineering feature of this project is the Owl Creek dam, one of the longest and highest earthen embankments in the world. This structure is 6200 feet long, has a maximum height of 115 feet and contains 1,600,000 cubic yards of material. reservoir created by this dam will be largest lake in the State. By means of a deep and wide canal 61⁄2 miles long the entire flow of the Belle Fourche River is turned into the reservoir, to be taken up again into irrigating canals. It will supply 100,000 acres in 1911. Of the reclamation projects undertaken by the government, none is more important than the Salt River project in Arizona. This includes the construction of the wonderful Roosevelt dam which is built across a gorge which the Salt River has cut through the moutains. This dam will provide an adequate water supply for 240,000 acres of land. The Roosevelt dam is in many respects the most remarkable struct ure of its kind in the world. It has a height of 280 feet and a length on the top of 1080 feet. The enormous capacity of the reservoir created by it makes it one of the most stupendous engineering feats of modern times. Two valleys, one 12 miles and the other 15 miles in length, each from one to three miles wide, have been transformed by this dam into a lake 200 feet deep in places and containing enough water to cover the State of Delaware a foot deep. The reservoir, when full, has a capacity suf-. ficient to fill a canal 300 feet wide and 19 feet deep extending from Chicago to San Francisco. Other projects either completed or in course of construction are the Huntley and Lower Yellowstone-Sun River project in Oregon and the Grand Valley project in Colorado for which RED CROSS, AMERICAN NATIONAL. preliminary plans have been made; the Truckee- American Association of the International Red Carson project in Nevada; the Salt River Val- Cross was founded in 1882 under the leadership ley project in Utah; the Umatilla project in of Miss Clara Barton. It had its origin in the Oregon; the Klamath project in Oregon and purpose of the conservation of human life in California, and the Okanogan and Yakima time of war, but the charter granted by Conprojects in Washington. The latter is the gress to the American Red Cross, which created largest irrigation project of the government. it the officially authorized Red Cross of the Here is a concrete dam which diverts the United States government, provides that it water into a canal and at the present time irrigates 45,000 acres. It will ultimately supply 94,000 acres. The table at top of next column gives the names of the different reclamation projects completed or in course of construction at the end of the year 1910, with the total cost, which includes building, maintenance, operation and water right charges. STATE RECLAMATION. By an act of Congress approved April 18, 1894, the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to enter into contracts with States containing public arid lands to patent to each of the States to which the law is applicable not to exceed 1,000,000 acres of land upon their reclamation through the State or its agent. Since the passage of this act applications have been made for 6,587,508 acres of land, of which amount 2,765,946 acres were applied for during 1910. The States from which applications have been made are Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah and Wyoming. The largest application has been made from Utah, 2,842,811 acres. From Wyoming application has been made for 1,371,153 acres; from Colorado, 728,881 and from Oregon, 568,726 acres. Legisla tion authorizing the temporary withdrawals of lands in the interests of the States and Territories, pending preliminary investigation, was enacted into law on March 15, 1910. See IRRIGATION, and LANDS, PUBLIC. RECLAMATION ACT. See DRAINAGE; IR RIGATION; RECLAMATION. The shall not only take charge of the voluntary relief in time of war, but that it shall contain and carry on a system of national and international relief in time of peace and apply the same in mitigating the sufferings caused by pestilence, famine, fire, floods, and other great calamities and to devise and carry on measures for their prevention. The Red Cross has RED CROSS 625 REFORMED CHURCH existed in its present form since 1904, when it and other shows, the purging of news stands of was reorganized and reincorporated by act of criminal and vicious literature and the enCongress, January 5, 1905. It has affiliations forcement of laws relating to morals. In the with the government which ensure harmony State work the Bureau gives special attention and coöperation between the government and to race track gambling, which has been outthe society. President Taft has been the pres- lawed in all of the United States except six ident of the society since 1908 and was re- States. In its national work it has drafted elected in 1910. The society has for many thirteen laws which have passed Congress. years been attempting to raise an endowment Among these are laws which prevent the selling fund of $2,000,000. Of this amount, contribu- of liquor at immigrant stations, laws prohibittion of half a million dollars was secured during 1910 from New York City alone. A Red Cross seal was originated which could be attached to the backs of envelopes. These were succeeded by the Red Cross Stamp, which was used in 1909 and which caused some trouble with the post-office. More than 60,000,000 of these seals were distributed through the United States in 1910. The annual meeting was held on December 6, 1910. In addition to the reelection of President Taft, the following officers were elected: Vice-President, Robert W. de Forest of New York; Secretary, Charles L. Magee; Treasurer, A. P. Andrew, and Counsellor, Frederick W. Lehmann. The Society had at the end of its fiscal year, $124,023 in cash in the treasury and $204,863 in securities. Announcement was made at the meeting that prosecution of concerns which violated the act of Congress of June 23, 1910, protecting the Red Cross insignia from manufacturers may be expected if such violations continue. From the time of its reincorporation in 1905 the Red Cross has rendered assistance to sufferers from the Philippine typhoon, Japanese famine, eruption of Vesuvius, Italian earthquake, the Gulf storm, the Chinese famine, the Russian famine, the Mississippi cyclone, the Southern floods, Monongah mine disaster, the Chelsea fire, and Michigan and Canadian forest fires. REDMOND, JOHN. See GREAT REED, C. B. See LITERATURE, GARBAGE ing the sale of liquor, opium and firearms by American traders in the islands of the Pacific having no civilized government, and the Gillett divorce reform act, which broke up the "divorce colonies" in the Territories. Important work in the international field has been carried on in relation to measures to restrict liquor selling in Africa and against the sale and use of opium in China and elsewhere. Among the bills presented by the Bureau in Congress in 1910-11 was a bill prohibiting the transmission of race-gambling bets from or into any State or Territory; a bill to probihit interstate transportation of prize fight pictures; a bill to prohibit saloons in Hawaii; a bill to prohibit United States attorneys from engaging in private practice; a bill to prohibit the issuing of money orders and registering of mail on Sunday. A yet more important legislative task in which the Bureau, and especially its Oriental Secretary, Rev. E. W. Thwing, Tientsin, China, is engaged, in the carrying of an international prohibition of opium at a Hague Parliament of Nations to meet in 1911. The Bureau occupies a building of its own in Washington. The officers in 1910 were, President of the Board of Trustees, Henry W. Blair, Secretary, Rev. F. B. Power, D. D., Superintendent and Treasurer, Wilbur H. Crafts, Ph. D. REFORMED CHURCHES THROUGHBRITAIN, OUT THE WORLD HOLDING THE PRESBYTERIAN SYSTEM, ALLIANCE OF THE. An organization formed in London in 1875. It has held nine General Councils. The ninth Council was held in New York City in 1909 and the tenth will be held in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1913. The churches connected with the Alliance number more than ninety and are located on all the five continents. The adherents of the Presbyterian and Reformed Churches in the world number about 25,000,000. The Alliance includes Presbyterian and Reformed Churches in the United States and Canada, England and Wales, Ireland, Scotland, in the Continent of Europe and in Africa, Asia, Aus tralasia and South America. The President in 1910 was Reverend David James Burrell; the General Secretary, Reverend G. D. MatAND thews, and the American Secretary, Reverend W. H. Roberts. REED, JOHN J. A rear-admiral of the United States navy, retired, died October 24, 1910. He was born in 1841. He served with the Gulf Squadron and in the attack on Fort Fisher during the Civil War, and was afterwards in command of the Olympia, being succeeded by Admiral Dewey. He also saw service in the lighthouse board and was commandant of the Navy Yard at Portsmouth, N. H. REES, Sir J. D. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. REFERENDUM. See INITIATIVE REFERENDUM. REFORMATORIES. See PENOLOGY. REFORMED CHURCH IN AMERICA REFORM BUREAU, INTERNATIONAL. An (DUTCH). A Protestant religious denominaorganization aiming to promote all moral re- tion, which was originally composed of settlers forms in all lands, inaugurated by Rev. Wilbur from Holland, but is now largely intermixed F. Crafts, Ph. D., in a course of lectures on with elements from many other sources. Until Sociology at Princeton University. The 1867 it was known as the Reformed Protestant Bureau was incorporated at Washington in Dutch Church in North America. The first 1896. Among the special evils which it was church organization of the denomination was formed to combat are intemperance, impurity, established in 1628. According to the religious Sabbath breaking and gambling. Its work is census made by the United States Census carried on through legislation, by letters, by Bureau in 1906 and published in 1910, the total lectures and by literature. It has four fields number of communicants in the denomination of work, local, State, national and interna- was 124,938 with 659 church organizations, tional. Its specialties at the present time in 640 church edifices and 710 ministers. The its local work are the censorship of theatres value of the church property in 1906 was $15, |