PSYCHOLOGY

lect and action is due in part to social conditions, in part to his aggressive attitude, and in part, finally, to his greater variability to which is owing the preponderance among males both of idiocy and of unusual talent. New books that consider the social, pathological and educational problems of sex are: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 6 (H. Ellis), Das sexuelle Problem und seine moderne Krise (E. Mertens), and The Sexual Life of Women (E. H. Kisch). In a study of the handwriting of men and women, J. E. Downey (Psych. Rev., xvii, 205) came to the conclusion that "it is possible to determine sex from handwriting in perhaps 80 cases out of a hundred." The " sex-sign," however, is largely influenced by practice, age and professional requirements; i. e., it is not a true "sex" character. Miss Downey used Binet's method of judging the sex of unknown persons from an examination of envelopes addressed by them. ABNORMAL. In the report of a symposium, Subconscious Phenomena, Münsterberg, Ribot, Janet, Jastrow, Hart and Prince have distinguished six different meanings of the term "subconscious"; namely, marginal processes, dissociated ideas, secondary selves, potential memories, the subliminal reservoir, and purely neural functions. Of these the first and last are matters of fact; the others are attempts to explain various observations in normal and pathological psychology. The symposium serves to bring together and also to distinguish from one another clinical observation, introspection, medical and psychophysical theory, and mystical speculation. The first instalment of a compendious threevolume Traité international de psychologie pathologique written under the editorship of Marie, Bechterew, Clouston, Ziehen, and others appeared during the year. The work is designed to cover all branches of pathological psychology. I. H. Coriat's Abnormal Psychology is reviewed under Psychotherapy. The use of the associative reaction in the discovery of criminal knowledge voluntarily concealed was discussed in the 1909 YEAR BOOK. Further analysis of the conditions determining the time and the quality of the reaction has recently been made (Amer. J. of Psych., xxi, 162). Twenty-six persons were, in one case, tested with the alternative-box method. But one error in fifty-three tests was made by the experimenter. The reactiontime for the " significant" words was found to be a safer clue than the nature of the responseword. But it also transpired that irrelevant words gave abnormally long times when (a) they aroused strong emotions or when (b) they were abstract or unusual in character. The longest single time given to a relevant word proved to be the best criterion of the concealed bit of knowledge. A. Binet insists (L'année psychologique, xvi, 372) that the success of the method depends in large measure upon the skill of the experimenter, while F. Ritterhaus denies (J. f. Psych, u. Neur., xvi, 1) that its results can be made the basis for legal action.

PSYCHOTHERAPY. Abnormal Psychology, written by Dr. Coriat of the Boston City Hospital, treats of a group of functional disorders which includes hysteria, neurasthenia, and psychasthenia. The book interprets these disorders as the result of mental "dissociation." Dissociation means that the mind is disintegrated or "split"; that its normal coherence is dissolved, and that it has become, in part, at least, "subconscious." The problem presented to the

PUMPING MACHINERY psychotherapist is the synthesis or reunion of the dissociated consciousness. The first part of the book discusses the phenomena of dissociation as revealed in sleep, dreams, hypnosis, automatic writing, and crystal-gazing; the second part describes the diseases of the subconscious. The work shows a closer acquaintance with clinical than with normal psychology. Dr. Coriat, who reflects the views of Janet in France and Prince in America, cites many interesting cases of mental abnormality. Self Help and Self Cure (E. Wilder and E. M. Taylor) is a "primer of psychotherapy." With no accurate knowledge of physiology, psychology or medicine the writers put together, not always judiciously, scraps of information and opinion from various sources. Exhortations to avoid fear, worry, and doubt, and to cultivate good habits are designed to help the "wayfarer" suffering from "functional diseases." Already psychotherapy is preyed upon by the innocent and ignorant enthusiast as well as by the quack. Both classes of "healers" ought to be restrained-by law, if necessaryfrom labeling their prescriptions, the latest product of scientific knowledge." Psychotherapeutics, which has proved to be an extremely useful book, has been reissued within the year. PUBLIC DEBT. See articles on countries. PUBLIC EDUCATION. See UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.

PUBLIC HEALTH. See HYGIENE.

66

PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOCIATION. A society founded in 1872 with the object of advanc ing sanitary science and the promotion of measures for the application of public hygiene. The work of the association is divided into four parts. At the meetings of the general association general subjects in relation to sanitary science are presented. The annual meeting in 1910 was held in Milwaukee. From a standpoint of general interest, probably the most important action taken at this meeting was the creation of a section on sociology. A section " of the Association represents a group of members devoting its time and attention particularly to one branch of public hyigene, and the sociological section will demand the interest of those members who are especially interested in sociol ogy in its relation to public health. In view of the growing importance of engineering in its relation to public health, the Association authorized, provisionally, the organization of a section on sanitary engineering. Provision was made at this meeting for the publication of a monthly journal, beginning January, 1911, to be known as The Journal of the American Public Health Association. The next meeting will be held in Havana, Cuba, December 4-9, 1911.

PUBLIC LANDS. See LANDS, PUBLIC. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION. See RAILWAYS; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK.

PUBLIC UTILITIES BOARD. See RAIL

tion principle has been made in the successful construction of an apparatus for raising water known as the Humphrey gas pump. This was made public to the engineering profession so early as 1909, since which time it has been carried beyond the experimental stage and in 1910 the pump was being built in large sizes. In form it consists of two or more chambers that can be put into communication with the source of water supply as well as with the tank or reservoir or stand pipe into which the water is to be delivered by means of suitable valves. In one of these chambers, corresponding to the cylinder of a gas engine, a mixture of gas and air is exploded by means of an electric spark. Instead of forcing a piston down from the top of a cylinder, the explosive energy of the gas mixture acts directly on top of the water column that partly fills the chamber, and this enforced flow of water under pressure opens the discharge valve or valves, allowing a certain quantity of water to be delivered through a discharge pipe to the tank or standpipe. Having exerted its expansive energy, the charge of burnt gas is now compressed and driven out through the exhaust valves by the returning surge of the water. Next, as the water settles down in the intake chamber once more, the inlet valve opens and a fresh charge of gas and air is drawn in and ignited, and the cycle of operations is repeated. The inlet and exhaust valves for the gas are spring-operated, while the inlet and discharge valves for the water are opened and closed by the water pressure itself.

As a two cycle motor, it seems to be very efficient, one of the first pumps built, operating at a compression pressure of 50 lbs. per square inch, showing a thermal efficiency of 23 per cent.; and in those now building, using much higher pressures (162 lbs.), a somewhat higher factor should be attained, after certain details are perfected. In Germany, a 1000 horsepower pump was under construction; and in England one was ordered for a water supply system that must raise 180 million gallons of water 30 feet in 24 hours, using fuel gas for which the consumption of coal must not exceed 1.1 lbs. per pump horsepower per hour. For so large a quantity of water, there will be five units, one of 20, and four of 40 million gallons capacity each.

ELECTRIC POWER PUMPING STATION. In the city of Spokane, Wash., a pumping station was put in operation during the year that is notable for the use of electric motors driving centrifugal pumps, and also in supplying two pipe lines running through the city, the high pressure main being for fire service. The building is 74 feet x 51 feet, built of brick and steel on a concrete foundation put down on a grillage of timber resting in turn on piles, and all below low-water mark of the river on the bank of which the station is situated. Water pumped from this installation is drawn from wells, and the suction mains run to each one of three sets of single-end-suction, horizontal-shaft centrifugal pumps. Each set consists of a motor with a pump driven from each end of its shaft, with valves so arranged that either pump may draw water, one discharging into the low pressure main, and the other into the high pressure main; or the discharge from the low pressure pumps may be fed to the suction side of those on the high pressure side.

Each motor, rated at 900 horsepower, is a 3

phaes, 60-cycle, 2300-volt machine running at 880 revolutions per minute, and of course driv ing the two pumps at the same speed. Motors and pumps were supplied by the Allis-Chalmers Company. Tests demonstrated that each unit, working both pumps on the low pressure main, was capable of furnishing 12 million (12,000,000) gallons every 24 hours against a 260-foot head. When connected in series, one pump discharging into the suction of the other, and thence to the high pressure main, each unit can supply 72 million (7,500,000) gallons per 24 hours against a 430-foot head.

PUMPING ENGINE FOR WHEELING. During the year there was completed by the Allis-Chalmers company at their West Allis shops a vertical triple-expansion pumping engine for the city of Wheeling, West Virgina, which had a capacity of 20,000,000 of gallons daily. So far as power was concerned this new pumping engine equalled the largest engine ever built by these makers, which had been installed in the city of Nashville. It was of the vertical triple-expansion type with steam cylinders 42 inches, 74 inches and 110 inches in diameter and water plungers 33 inches in diameter. The low pressure cylinder was the largest cylinder ever employed for a pumping engine. The engine was designed for a steam pressure of 125 pounds and a vacuum of 27 inches. The stroke is 72 inches and the regular speed is 18% revolutions per minute. There are two fly-wheels which weigh 90,000 pounds each. There is a surface condenser located in the by-pass of the discharge line of the pipe with cut-off valves on either side. The valve-gear consists of admission valves of the Corliss type for the high and intermediate cylinders and Corliss exhaust valves on the high pressure cylinder; while poppet valves are used for the exhaust of the intermediate and for both admission and exhaust of the low pressure cylinders,

PURDUE UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning at Lafayette, Ind., founded in 1874. During the year 1910 there were enrolled in the university 1859 students and the teaching staff numbered 149. Among the changes in the faculty during the year were the resigna tion of Dean Arthur L. Green from the school of pharmacy and the appointment in his place of Professor C. B. Jordan a graduate of the University of Michigan. There were no benefactions of special note during the year. The most notable event of the year in the history of the university was the completion and equipment of a large building for the department of practical machanics, with shops and drawing rooms for all departments of engineering. The income for the year ending June 30, 1910, for all departments of the university, including specific appropriations for buildings, was $650,218. The President is W. E. Stone.

PURE FOOD. See FOOD AND NUTRITION. PURE MILK SUPPLY. See DAIRYING. PYGMIES. See ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.

QUAIFE, M. N. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography.

QUAKERS. See FRIENDS.

QUEBEC. A province of Canada (since July 1, 1867). Capital, Quebec. Area, 351,872 square miles. Population (estimate 1910), 2,214,834. For details, see CANADA. The government consists of the Lieutenant-Governor, appointed by the Governor-General of Canada, the Executive

QUEENSLAND. A state of the Australian Commonwealth. Capital, Brisbane. Area, 670,500 square miles. Estimated population, December 31, 1909, 578,548. For details, see AUSTRALIA. The executive authority is vested in a governor, appointed by the British Crown and acting through a responsible ministry. The legislative power devolves upon a parliament of two houses, the appointive Legislative Council and the elective Legislative Assembly. Governor in 1910, Sir William MacGregor; Premier, W. Kidston (from June 29, 1909).

HISTORY. Parliament was opened on July 12. The legislative programme included the construction of a main railway across western Queensland uniting the other systems. The policy of subdividing the great sheep stations was continued and the government announced that it would have opened up half a million acres within the next six months. In his budget in August the treasurer estimated the current revenue at £5,046,000 and expenditures at £5,038,000, reporting a flourishing condition in commerce and trade, and influx of large capital from the other states and from foreign countries. QUINCY, JOSIAH PHILLIPS. An American lawyer and publicist, died October 31, 1910. He was born at Boston in 1829, the son of Josiah Quincy, the second mayor of Boston of that name, and the grandson of the first Mayor Quincy of Boston. He graduated from Harvard College in 1850 and afterwards studied law, being admitted to the bar in 1854. He did not, however, follow his profession. He moved to Quincy in 1859, where he conducted a large milk farm for several years. His life was devoted to scholarship and to the study of economic questions. He also wrote poems which were warmly commended. Among his published writings are: Lyteria (poem, 1854); Charicles (poems, 1856); Protection of Majorities (1876); Double Taxation in Massachusetts (1889); and Unerned Increment (1890), together with pamphlets and contributions to newspapers and magazines.

RAABE, WILHELM. A German novelist and writer, died in November, 1910. He was born at Eschershausen, Brunswick, in 1831. He began to write in 1856 under the pen name of Jakob Corvinus, and his first work, Die Chronik der Sperlingsgasse (1856), proved to be the most popular of all his writings. In 1905 it had reached its 41st edition. His books are distinguished by shrewd and original humor. On his 70th birthday, in 1901, the University of Göttingen honored him with a doctor's degree. Among his published writings are the following: Ein Frühling (1857); Der heilige Born (1861); Unsers Herrgotts Kanzlei (1862, 4th ed., 1901); Der Hungerpastor (1864, 4th ed., 1902); Abu Telfau, oder die Heimkehr vom Moridebirge (1867, 4th ed., 1901; Der Schüdderump (1870, 3d. ed., 1901); Horacker (1876), and Die Gänse von Butzow (1906).

RABIES. The Public Health Report of the Hygienic Laboratory of the U. S. Public Health and Marine Hospital Service for August, showed that for the year ending June 30th, 1910, sixty

Paltauf emphasizes a striking peculiarity of rabies; that is, whereas only a relatively small proportion of persons bitten by rabid animals developed the disease, yet once the disease does fully develop, it terminates inevitably in death. There is no known authentic case of recovery from fully developed rabies in man, although recovery has been observed in dogs. According to reliable statistics, rabies develops in less than 10 per cent. of all persons bitten by mad dogs and not receiving prophylactic treatment, and when it is considered that such highly contagious diseases as smallpox, plague, etc., have a large proportion of recoveries, it is remarkable that the incident of rabies is only 10 per cent., when its mortality is 100 per cent. The question arises, if less than one-tenth of those inoculated with the virus develop the disease, why should not many of the infected cases recover? Another remarkable fact is that, in the process of protective inoculation, when a living virus is injected, the infection has never been known to occur, although over one hundred thousand cases have been thus inoculated. Evidently the virus passed through rabbits is incapable of infecting man. Presumably, the virulence of the virus with which the individual is inoculated is the deciding factor in determining whether the disease will develop or not, for it has been observed that the bites of mad wolves give rise to rabies in about 60 per cent. of those bitten, as against 10 per cent. of fatalities from dog bites, and none from the sub-cutaneous injection of attenuated rabbit virus.

A timely and most excellent review of the subject will be found in Bulletin 65 of the Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. P. H. & M. H. S. It is written by A. M. Stimson and called "Facts and Problems of Rabies."

RACING. The racing interests experienced another disappointing year in 1910. The New York State legislature passed a law making the owners and directors of the various racing associations criminally liable for any betting and bookmaking on their premises. This, added to the restrictions placed upon the sport in preceding years, brought the racing season in New York to an abrupt close immediately after the end of the Saratoga meeting. The associations, however, are in hopes that the courts will uphold them in their contention that the 1910 legislation is ambiguous and they believe that racing soon will be revived. Although the season was necessarily a brief one the sport while

it lasted was high class. Two new American records were established. Bubbling Water, carrying 121 pounds, covered one mile 70 yards in 1 minute 42 seconds; and Everitt, a threeyear-old (107) excelled Fitz Herbert's record at 2 miles by running the distance in 3 minutes 25% seconds.

Novelty was considered the leading two-yearold of the season, winning the Futurity, the Hopeful Stakes, the Rennselær Handicap, and the Saratoga Special. Dalmatian made the best showing of the three-year-olds, capturing the Brooklyn Derby, Seagate Stakes, Iroquois Stakes, Yonkers Handicap, Empire City Handicap, and the Travers. Fitz Herbert won the Brooklyn Handicap.

S. C. Hildreth, the owner of Novelty, Fitz Herbert, and Dalmatian, headed the list of winning owners with a total of $144,025. R. T. Wilson was second with $65,795, and J. R. Keene third with $54,215.

In trotting and pacing 1910 was remarkable for the large number of new records made. The most noteworthy achievement was the trotting of the mile by Uhlan in 1 minute 584 seconds. Other record performances were those of Colorado E., a three-year-old, in trotting the mile in 2 minutes 44 seconds, and Joan, a four-year-old, in covering the same distance in the same time. The Harvester, a stallion, ran the mile in 2 minutes 1 second, and the two-mile in 4 minutes 154 seconds; Native Belle, a three-year-old filly, ran the mile in 2 minutes 62 seconds, and Minor Heir paced the mile in 1 minute 59 seconds.

RACQUETS AND COURT TENNIS. The national Amateur Racquet championship tournament in singles was held at Boston on February 22. In the final round Quincy A. Shaw of Boston defeated Reginald Fincke of New York 17-14, 8-15, 15-2, 15-2. In the doubles event held at New York in January Lawrence Waterbury and Reginald Fincke defeated M. Barger and Payne Whitney 6-15, 17-14, 10-15, 15-6, 15-8, 15-12. G. C. Clark, Jr, won the Gold Racquet championship at Tuxedo Park, defeating II. F. McCormick, the defender of the title, 10-15, 15-6, 14-18, 15-13, 15-6. Jay Gould successfully defended his title as national amateur champion in court tennis by his defeat of Joshua Crane at Lakewood. The scores of the sets were: 6-2, 6-3, 6-1. The English amateur court tennis championship was retained by E. H. Miles, who defeated N. S. Lytton, challenger, by 3 sets to 1. RADIATION, ATOMIC THEORY OF. See

PHYSICS.

RAILROAD SECURITIES COMMISSION. See RAILWAYS.

RAILWAYS. Following a twelve-month period comparatively free from harassing State and Federal legislation and marked by a gen erally satisfactory improvement in earnings, the railways of the United States began the year 1910 under most favorable conditions. Before six months had elapsed, however, Congress had passed an act amending and supplementing the Hepburn act of 1906 whereby the powers of the Federal government in regulating the activities of railways engaged in interestate commerce were greatly enlarged, trainmen in all parts of the country made demands for big increases in wages which had to be met in whole or in part, and earnings began to fall off in response to a general slackening in industrial and commercial lines.

On January 7 President Taft sent to Congress a special message recommending sweeping and radical legislation for the purpose of strengthening some parts of previous acts which had been nullified by decisions of the Supreme Court and giving the Interstate Commerce Commission wider authority in matters relating to rates and discriminatory practices of railways. After prolonged discussion in committee and on the floor of both Houses of Congress the Mann-Elkins act, in which were incorporated most of the President's recommendations, was passed on June 18.

MANN-ELKINS ACT. The main points of the new law are as follows:

(1) A Commerce Court is established with jurisdiction over: (a) Enforcement of Interstate Commerce Commisson orders, except for penalties, criminal punishment, or collecting money. (b) Annulling or suspending commission's orders. (c) Commission's suits to correct illegal practices. (d) Suits to compel compliance with commission's orders. Five additional circuit judges appointed by the President for a term of five years constitute this court, which will sit in Washington.

(2) Judgments may be appealed to the Supreme Court and shall have precedence over all except criminal cases.

(3) Suits against the commission's orders shall be against the United States and the court shall decide whether or not the order is stayed.

(4) The Attorney-General of the United States has control of suits and may employ special counsel; the commission or anyone interested may intervene.

(5) Common carriers must designate an agent in Washington to accept service of notices sent out by the Interstate Commerce Commis

WAYS.

RAILROAD RATES. See RAILWAYS. RAILROAD REBATES. See RAILWAYS.

(8) The commission is authorized to reject tariffs with defective notices and the carrier is penalized by fines of from $25 to $500 per day

RAILWAYS

issues.

This new law went into effect on August 18, except the provision relating to suspension of tariffs pending inquiry as to their reasonableness which went into effect immediately with the passage of the act. Among the most important provisions of the bill as originally drawn but which were stricken out before its passage were the following:

(1) Authorizing agreements between carriers

as to rates.

(3) A provision for physical valuation of all railroads.

(4) Modification of the "commodities clause" to overcome the defects pointed out by the Supreme Court in its decision in the matter of the anthracite coal roads.

FREIGHT RATES. Shortly before the passage of the Mann-Elkins act, a number of the western roads announced large increases in freight rates to take effect on June 1. The Attorney General thereupon brought an action in the Federal Court in Missouri praying for an injunction against putting into effect the increases proposed. A compromise was reached whereby the new tariff was not to go into effect until July 1; and immediately after the passage of the act the Interstate Commerce Commission under the power conferred upon it by the new law suspended the new tariffs pending an inquiry as to their reasonableness. Other roads in the East filed increases in freight rates which were like wise suspended by the commission and early in September concurrent hearings were begun in New York and Chicago. The railroads presented evidence purporting to show the necessity for the advance in rates owing to the increased cost of materials and the higher wages paid to employes as the result of the settlement of threatened strikes earlier in the year. In December the commission held a series of hearings in Washington at which time Louis D. Brandeis, counsel for several associations of shippers, made the startling claim that the railroads of the country could save $1,000,000 a day by the introduction of the efficient methods which had been developed by manufacturing companies. Up to the end of the year the commission had not announced its decision on the increases in rates asked by the railroads.

RAILWAYS

In May all the railroads entering New York City announced increases in their commutation and family ticket rates to suburban towns amounting to between 5 and 40 per cent. It was claimed that the old rates were unprofitable and that the increase barely compensated for the increases in wages granted about the same time to trainmen. Appeals were taken to the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Public Service Commissions of New York and New Jersey but without result and the increased rates were allowed to stand.

President Taft in December appointed as members of the new Commerce Court Martin A. Knapp, former chairman of the Interstate Commerce Commission, as presiding judge, R. W. Archbald, W. H. Hunt, John E. Carland, and J. W. Mack as associate judges. The Railroad Securities Commission appointed by the President in September consists of A. T. Hadley, president of Yale University, chairman; F. N. Judson, Frederick Straus, Walter L. Fisher, and This commission began Prof. B. N. Meyer. holding hearings in New York early in December but had made no report up to the end of the year.

LEGISLATION. Other laws passed by Congress and directly affecting railroads included an amendment to the act for expediting cases arising under the Sherman anti-trust law and the Interstate Commerce act; an amendment to the employers' liability law; a law requiring accidents to the commission and giving the comcommon carriers to make monthly reports of mission full authority to investigate accidents; a law requiring the commission to designate the number, dimensions, location, and manner of application of safety devices used on equipment, the act to go into effect as regards new cars on July 1, 1911.

STATE LEGISLATION. State legislation affecting railways was not so general or drastic as in previous years. In New Jersey a Public Utilities Board to replace the old railroad commission was created by the legislature. It has jurisdiction over all public utility companies in the State. The new board does not have power to make or change rates but it is given wide authority over the issue of securities and all of its orders are subjected to review by the courts. A Public Service Commission was also established in Maryland, the provisions of the act creating it being very similar to the New Jersey law with the exception that the Maryland Commission has the power to determine the rates charged by public utility companies. In Ohio a bill enlarging the powers of the railroad commission was defeated.

COURT DECISIONS. There were few important decisions relating to railways handed down by the Supreme Court in 1910. In the Missouri River rate case the court upheld the ruling of the Interstate Commerce Commission requiring a reduction in first-class rates on shipments from the Atlantic seaboard to points west of the Missouri River. The court held that in the absence of proof to the contrary the order of the commission presumably was reasonable and would not be reviewed. The court also upheld the commission in the case of the commission against the Illinois Central Railroad involving the question of distribution of coal cars to shippers. The language of the court in this latter case was such as to lead to the presumption that it would not interfere with any