PENNSYLVANIA

had been no conspiracy, but finally a verdict in conformity with the indictment was rendered. Huston was accused on 34 indictments in addition to the one on which he was tried, and is a defendant in a civil suit of the State for the recovery of $5,000,000. Huston was sentenced to pay a fine of $500 and to be imprisoned for an indeterminate sentence of from six months to two years.

565

The last of the defendants to be tried in the criminal cases arising out of the Capitol frauds at Harrisburg, was Charles G. Wetter, a member of the firm that erected the building. He withdrew the plea of not guilty on the understanding that he should make restitution for the overcharge. A new trial was denied Joseph M. Huston, the architect. Wetter paid $14.518 in restitution and was discharged. OTHER EVENTS. The great dam of the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company at McCall's Ferry was formally opened on October 14. This dam provides power for supplying light and power to the city of Baltimore and for other purposes. On February 5, eleven men were killed by a gas explosion in a coal mine near Indiana.

The notable pieces of statuary by George Gray Barnard, made for the State Capitol at Harrisburg, were placed in position in 1910. They are generally regarded as the most important works of sculpture produced by an American sculptor.

PENOLOGY

School of Veterinary Medicine, 154, or a total of 5389. The officers of instruction numbered 630, of which 259 were in the college. The university has a large representation from the different States and from foreign countries. The students from foreign countries in 1910-11 numbered 262. There were 24 from China, 22 from Canada, 18 from Australia, 8 from Japan, and representatives from nearly every country in Europe and South and Central America. The library includes about 300,000 volumes. The most important event in the history of the university in 1910 was the resignation of the Provost, C. C. Harrison. Edgar F. Smith, Blanchard professor of chemistry, was appointed Provost in his stead. The productive funds of the university in 1910-11 amounted to $12,774,372, the total income to $1,362,927 and the receipts from benefactions to $464,820.

PENOLOGY. Several features of the progress in the treatment of crime and criminals are

notable. The fundamental fact has been the

wider acceptance of the views that crime and delinquency are indications either of faulty inheritance or vicious environment; and that society is on the whole responsible for allowing either the congenital criminal to be born or the otherwise socially desirable individual to be corrupted by bad surroundings. The result is the introduction of more humane treatment, and a demand for more exact knowledge both of the so-called criminal type and its inherited traits and of social conditions productive of law breakSTATE OFFICERS. Governor, John K. Tener; ing. Instead of harsh primitive methods, Lieutenant-Governor, John M. Reynolds; Secre- advanced prison policy seeks to remedy the tary of the Commonwealth. Robert McAfee: defects of previous training by sanitary and Treasurer, C. F. Wright; Auditor-General, A. E. wholesome surroundings, by prison schools, by Sisson; Adjutant-General, Thos. J. Stewart; teaching trades and by emphasizing the dignity Attorney-General, John C. Bell; Superintend- of labor. So far as possible individual treatment ent of Public Instruction, N. C. Schaeffer; of each convict is practised. Young and inInsurance Commission, S. W. McCulloch; Com- cipient criminals are separated from the old and missioner of Agriculture, N. B. Critchfield,-all hardened. Criminal law and court procedure Republicans, except Schaeffer and McCulloch, are being reformed through the decline of the Democrats. idea that society must be revenged; by the creation of separate courts for children (see JUVENILE COURTS) and women; by the increasing use of the indeterminate sentence and the parole and probation systems. Agencies for assisting the released convict into a respectable position are being perfected, as are also plans for enabling the imprisoned father to care for his family by his prison labor. Then in the United States there is a very powerful movement for the reform of jail and prison construction, so as to make them more sanitary and association in them less corrupting.

SUPREME COURT. Chief Justice, D. Newton Fell; Associate Justices, J. Hay Brown, Wm. P. Potter, John Stewart, Robert Von Moschzisker, S. L. Mestrezat, and John P. Elkin-all Republicans, except Mestrezat. Prothonotary, Eastern District, James T. Mitchell, Prothonotary, Middle District, William Pearson; Prothonotary, Western District, George Pearson. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Republicans, Senate, 38; House, 161; joint ballot, 199; Democrats, Senate, 12; House, 45; joint ballot, 57; Independent, House, 1; Republican majority, Senate, 26; House, 115; joint ballot, 141.

MEETINGS OF ASSOCIATIONS. AMERICAN PRISON ASSOCIATION. During the last days of September and the first week of October there met in Washington, D. C., the American Prison Association, the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, and the International PENNSYLVANIA TUNNELS. See RAIL- before the first of these, Mr. Amos W. Butler Prison Congress. In his presidential address

PENNSYLVAIA ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS. See PAINTING.

PENNSYLVANIA SUGAR CO. See TRUSTS.

WAYS.

REFINING

PENNSYLVANIA. UNIVERSITY OF. An institution of higher learning in Philadelphia, Pa., founded in 1740. The departments of the university include the College, the Graduate School, Law School, School of Medicine, School of Dentistry and School of Veterinary Medicine. The attendance in these departments in the college year 1910-11 was as follows: College, 3730; Graduate School, 416; Law School, 347; School of Medicine, 460; School of Dentistry, 462, and

of Indianapolis brought out the enormous waste resulting from ineffective utilization of prison labor. He advocated the extension of the system of State farms now profitably conducted in the South. Other speakers declared that the reformatories and prisons receive altogether too many persons who would be diverted from a life of crime if the reformatory and preventive methods of work-houses, jails, and house of correction were more effective. A number of speakers advocated a just and humane treat

ment of criminals while in prison and the ex- made in reformatory methods as well as the tension of a helping hand to those released. The medieval conditions prevailing in local jails. general conclusion from experience seemed to be The delegates strongly condemned the mode that fair and humanitarian treatment accom- of construction followed in these, with cells plished a great deal more than harsh and severe opening into a central corridor, with little punitive methods. Great stress was laid upon light, no sunshine, no outside air, the prevalence the salutary benefits of the indeterminate sent- of tuberculous conditions, the absence of facilience and the laws allowing commutation of sen- ties and rules for regular exercise or healthful tence for good behavior. Mr. Albert H. Hall of employment. The frequent placing of two or Minneapolis strongly advocated an increase in more persons in one cell, and the promiscuous facilities for the correction and utilization of association of young and old, the convicted, the criminal statistics. He also made the radical drunken, and those awaiting trial. Even the suggestion that Bertillon measurements and cell system at Elmira Reformatory was conphotographs of every citizen be made matters demned as not up to modern ideas. The existof public record. He believed that the benefits ence of the most advanced methods in the of such a full biographic and civic record of world in American State reformatories, alongevery man would be of great benefit to the im- side of conditions in city and county jails which provement of social policy. The 1911 session some European countries long ago ceased to of the association will be held at Omaha, Neb. tolerate, was attributed to the decentralization AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF CRIMINAL LAW AND of local administration in this country. CRIMINOLOGY. At the sessions of the American The congress met in four sections. Unlike Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, the American conferences papers were not read and president, Prof. John H. Wetmore of North- discussed, but summaries of papers were prewestern University pointed out that the Insti- sented and the time of the sessions was devoted tute during its first year had stimulated the to the discussion of resolutions. The resolutions organization of local bodies of similar nature. adopted by the sections were later submitted to State conferences were held in Kansas and Wis- the general assembly of all. The section on consin. The work of the Institute is organized criminal law was occupied with the use and under nine committees, of which seven were able limits of the indeterminate sentence, methods of to report. One of these had established the giving effect to the penal sentences of foreign Journal of the American Institute of Criminal tribunals, how to deal with persons who asLaw and Criminology. The committee on sociate with criminals or indirectly participate translation of European treatises had completed or aid in the commission of offenses. One of the the translation of the following: Criminal greatest achievements of the congress was the Psychology, by Hans Gross; Modern Theories of formal approval of the indeterminate sentence, Criminology, by Bernaldo de Quiros; Criminal a product of American developments. There Sociology, by Enrico Ferri; Individualization of was, however, a strong demand for statistical Punishment, by Raymond Saleilles; Crime, Its and other data, making possible a scientific Causes and Remedies, by Cesare Lombroso; judgment of the indeterminate sentence and Penal Philosophy, by Gabriel Tarde; Crimi- of parole. The second section, devoted nality and Economic Conditions, by W. A. Bon- prison administration, considered reformatory ger; Criminology, by Raffaelle Garofalo; Crime methods, the parole system, and prison labor. and Its Repression, by Gustav Aschchaffenburg, Resolutions approved by the congress faThe series is published by Little, Brown and vored the centralization of control of all Co., Boston. A third committee on "an penal institutions, including local jails; the effective system for recording the physical and useful employment of all inmates, whether moral status and the hereditary and environ- merely detained for trial or sentenced for long mental conditions of delinquents and the per- terms. The systems of labor in the United sistent offender," presented an elaborate sched- States were classified as the lease, the contract, ule of juvenile and municipal courts. Reports the piece price, the State account, and the State were had on the organization of courts, criminal use systems. The last three were regarded as procedure, and criminal and judicial statistics. best; farm and market garden work were adNew committees were orgaized to investigate vocated for short term prisoners. In the disthe "insane offender" and "the alien and the cussion the introduction of factory methods as courts." The invitation of the International shown in various American institutions was Criminalistic Union to become its American condemned as making the convict a mere autounit was accepted by the institute. Nathan W. matic machine tender rather than a skilled MacChesney, of Chicago, was chosen president workman master of a trade. This second secfor the coming year, and Harry E. Smoot, of tion held that sentences should be not only Chicago, secretary. retributive and deterrent in purpose but also INTERNATIONAL PRISON CONGRESS. The ninth reformatory; but since reformation and short quinquennial session of the International sentences are incompatible longer sentences with Prison Congress at Washington, October 2-8, a parole system were advocated. Special treatwas attended by delegates from twenty-two ad- ment for adolescents was strongly approved. hering countries and from Spain, Egypt, several The section on prevention declared that prisSouth American republics, China and Japan, oners should be paid for their labor, such pay not yet officially members. This Congress is to be available for needy dependents of the supported by the adhering governments and the prisoner. The treatment of inebriate criminals, delegates make official reports to their re- the relation between inebriety and insanity, and spective powers. Preceding the sessions, the delegates had been taken on a prearranged tour of inspection to various jails, prisons, industrial homes, and reformatories of the northern and central States. This brought very clearly before the visitors the progress the United States has

to

the effect of alcoholism of parents on the nervous systems of offspring were discussed, and the plan of detention in hospital of habitual criminal drunkards was declared successful. Resolutions of the congress divided vagrants and mendicants into three classes, the incapacitated,

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567

PERMUTIT FILTERING

the accidental, and the professional; they advo- only, provided new children's courts for the cated workhouses, giving prominence to agri- boroughs of Queens and Richmond; a separacultural and industrial training, for the third tion of the night court into two sections, one class; and they favored a system of classifica- for men and one for women; the creation of two tion and identification for this class. The con- courts on domestic relations, to deal primarily gress also approved the discreet use of the pro- with cases of non-support; additional probation bation system, and advocated central super- officers; the introduction of the finger-print sysvision of probation in each State. The fourth tem of identification in the night court; and section dealt with the methods of criminal pro- medical examination of prostitutes. For cedure suitable for children and minors, insti- greater details see JUVENILE COURTS and tutions for backward and feeble-minded chil- PROSTITUTION. dren, the idleness of children in large cities, ENGLAND. In August Home Secretary Winand protection for illegitimates. The methods ston Churchill outlined some radical reforms in of American juvenile courts were approved, in- prison administration. These included more cluding separate hearings, probation system, humane treatment of convicts; extension of the medical examination, and separate quarters for time allowed for the payment of fines in order detention. Experience was declared to be in- to lessen the number imprisoned for nonadequate for judging the advantage of separat- payment; the abolition of imprisonment for pering abnormal children with criminal tendencies sons under 21, except for gross crimes; the infrom other defectives. Resolutions were adopted stitution of special plans for the correction of calling for greater responsibility of parents for delinquent boys and girls; the abandonment of the wrongdoing of their children; for greater police surveillance of released criminals; procoöperation between public schools and parents vision of lectures and concerts in convict to prevent idleness and secure training in handi- prisons; and special treatment for passive work; for vast additions to playgrounds, resisters and suffragettes. wholesome recreation centres, gymnasiums and BELGIUM. The International Union of athletic fields as the surest preventives of juve- Penologists held its eleventh session at Brussels nile mischief and crime." The congress re- in August. Psychological problems received solved that legislative action should "make the chief attention, particularly the psychology of care, support and inheritance of illegitimate testimony; and the question whether, in order and legitimate children as nearly identical as to reconcile individual liberty and social safety, possible"; that the care of the illegitimate persons committing criminal acts while temchild should be governed by the fact that he is porarily unbalanced by nervous excitement a future citizen; and that instruction should be should be treated as criminals or as nervous given to youth so as to prevent illegitimacy and defectives. to girl-mothers so as to prevent abortion and prostitution. Running through the deliberations of the entire congress was the repeated emphasis on the lack of adequate and exact information, statistical and other, for the accurate judgment of recent reforms or the formulation of still newer policies. Likewise there was continued stress on the principle of individual treatment of each delinquent.

The next session of the congress will be held in London, 1915.

PROBATION SYSTEM. A bill was introduced in Congress early in the year by Senator Owen of Oklahoma, authorizing the introduction of the probation system in the United States courts, outside of the District of Columbia. It was shown that in 1908 these courts disposed of 8023 criminal cases. In that year 1372 persons were committed to Federal penal intitutions; of these eighty-one per cent. had never been in prison before; sixteen per cent. were under twenty years of age; thirty-nine per cent. were between twenty and thirty; forty-six per cent. were married; and forty-five per cent. were reported as temperate in habits. These facts furnished the basis for the bill.

The National Committee on Prison Labor was incorporated in New York in March, its object being to concentrate all forces working on the problems of prison labor. It will investigate the systems now in use; formulate plans for improvement; and endeavor to secure uniform legislation. Its circular stated that the market value of products of prison labor in 1900 was $35,000,000.

PENSIONS. See UNITED STATES.
PEOPLE'S POWER LEAGUE.

GON.

PERIDOTS. See CHEMISTRY.

See ORE

PERKINS, JAMES BRECK. An American public official and historian, died March 11, 1910. He was born at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, in 1847 and graduated from the University of Rochester in 1867. He was admitted to the bar in 1868 and remained in active practice until the time of his death. In 1874 he was elected city attorney of Rochester for a term of two years, and in 1876 was re-elected for a second term. From 1890 to 1895 he lived in Paris where he was engaged in researches in French history. In 1887 he published France under Mazarin; in 1892, France under the Regency; in 1897, France under Louis XV; and in 1900, The Life of Richelieu in the Heroes of the Nations series. He returned to Rochester in 1895 and in 1898 was elected to the New York State Assembly. He was elected to the 57th, 58th, 59th and 60th Congresses and was re-elected to the 61st Congress. Mr. Perkins was considered one of the strongest members of the House of Representatives and took an active part in the proceedings of that body. He was a member of several important committees.

PERLIS. A Malay state transferred (March 10, 1909) from Siamese to British protection. Area roughly estimated, 300 square miles; population (estimate), 27,000. Rice is the staple product. No records of imports and exports exist. Revenue and expenditure (1909-10), 102,552 dollars and 87,310 dollars respectively. NEW YORK. The Page Commission appointed (Straits Settlements dollar 56.7758% cents.) in 1908 to study the courts of inferior criminal Present raja, Syed Alwi. British adviser, jurisdiction in New York, Buffalo and Rochester Meadows Frost.

secured the passage of a law effective September PERMUTIT FILTERING. See CHEMIS This law, which dealt with New York City TRY, INDUSTRIAL.

1.