PAXSON, F. L. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. PAYNE, W. M. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. PAYNE-ALDRICH TARIFF BILL. See TARIFF. remoteness to points of production, of relative ble. The use of stone blocks of regular size, prices, and of preferences on the part of city laid with close joints, was advised. A third officials and of property owners. Rectangular international road conference will be held in wood blocks, treated with preservatives against 1913, presumably in London, but possibly somedecay, are perhaps extending in relative use where in the United States, although the failure more rapidly than the three other forms of of either the general government or any of our pavements just named. Brick is still widely State governments to join the other nations of and increasingly used near the centres of pav- the world in the financial support of the Pering-brick production, particularly in the North manent Road Commission tends to work against Central States. Bituminous concrete, generally holding a congress in this country. composed of refined-gas tar and broken stone, but sometimes with asphalt in place of tar, occupies a place intermediate between sheet asphalt and dust and-water-bound broken stone or macadam. Tar is also widely and asphalt less generally used as a binder for macadam roads in place of stone dust or clay and water, the tar being sprayed onto the successive layers of broken stone. The use of the bituminous binders in broken-stone road construction has been greatly accelerated by motor vehicles, particularly heavy, high-speed cars. To keep down dust on old-style macadam roads, tar-spraying and tar-painting are used. Heavy asphaltic petroleum oils are also widely used to lay dust on both macadam and dirt roads; likewise in the construction or improvement of dirt and gravel roads. These oils are more extensively used in California and the Southwest and West than in the East, on account of heavy freight charges from the California and Southwestern oil fields to the East. See PEABODY, JOSEPHINE PRESTON. DRAMA and LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Poetry and Drama. PEABODY EDUCATIONAL FUND. See EDUCATION Papers on the archæology, hieroglyphs and pic- PEACE, PROMOTION OF. PEABODY MUSEUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY. An institution for anthropological and archæological research, founded in 1866 by George Peabody, who gave $150,000 for that purpose and for a professorship in Harvard University, which has become the anthropologi cal section of the University Museum. The Museum has carried on work during 1910 in Guatemala under the direction of Dr. A. M. Tozzer. This expedition returned in May, 1910, having accomplished important results. Another exPavement and road problems were the subject pedition to Guatemala with Raymond E. Merof a number of important conferences in 1910. win as field director, started November 4, 1910, In February, engineers in charge of city pave- to continue the work in that region. During ments met in Chicago, considered standard the year the Museum has published and issued specifications for pavements at length and in to about 400 exchanges one Memoir and two much detail, adopted tentative specifications and appointed committees to consider the various topics further and to report to a second conference, to be held in New York City, in January, 1911. Later in 1910, State highway commissioners and engineers met in conference over road problems, and in December an American Good Roads Congress was held at Indianapolis. A large portion of the time of the annual convention of the American Society of Municipal Improvements, held at Erie, Pa., October, 1910, was devoted to pavement specifications and construction. The event of the year was the Second International Roads Congress, held at Brussels, Belgium, in August. The first Congress was held at Paris in 1908. As an outgrowth, a Permanent International Roads Commission was created, with headquarters at Paris. This Commission arranged for the Brussels Conference, at which 117 papers, on nearly all phases of road and pavement construction, were presented. The papers were printed in advance, in French, German and English. They centred around nine "questions," or main topics. All the papers in each group were summarized by a "reviewer," who presented "conclusions" to the Conference for discussion and adoption or amendment. The "Final Conclusions " embodied the consensus of opinion of engineers from all parts of the world, in so far as such opinion could be crystallized and agreed upon by such an assemblage. Among PEILE, JOHN. An English scholar and eduthe conclusions adopted by the Conference were cator, died October 9, 1910. He was born in resolutions favoring the further development 1838 at Whitehaven, Cumberland. He was eduand use of tar and other bituminous materials cated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he as binders for broken-stone roads, and a recom- took high rank. mendation looking to the use of stone blocks by his Introduction to Greek and Latin EtyHe early made a reputation for city pavements, where noise is not objec- mology, which was published in 1869. It repretionable and neither wood nor asphalt admissi- sented great advance in the study of compara PEACE SOCIETIES. See ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL. PEAK, JOHN L. An American diplomat, died September 24, 1910. He was born in Scott county, Ky., in 1839, Georgetown College in 1858. and graduated from He studied law and graduated from the Louisville Law School in 1860. From 1870 to the time of his death he practised law in Kansas City, Mo., and was at one time prosecuting attorney of Jackson county. From 1895 to 1897 he was United States Minister to Switzerland. PEARY, ROBERT EDWIN. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. PEASE, J. A. See GREAT BRITAIN, Government. PEET, T. E. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. PEILE 561 PENNSYLVANIA tive philology. He afterward popularized the sists unmodified after corn is eliminated from elements of philology in a small primer, which the diet No other intoxication, he says, is had a wide circulation. He was appointed uni- known, which does not improve when the source The existence of versity reader in philology in Christ's College of poisoning is withdrawn. in 1884 and became vice-chancellor in 1891. On chronic, acute and fulminating cases of pellagra the death of Dr. Swainson in 1887 he became the harmonizes better with our conception of germ Even adfirst lay Master of Christ's College. He per- infection than with an intoxication. formed a great part in the reform and develop- mitting that occasionally the symptoms may be ment of the university and for 33 years was a the result of a superimposed malaria, typhoid member of the Council of the Senate. During or meningitis, he believes that the evidence his mastership a large block of new buildings points to a protozoan infection. The toxic and was erected at Christ's College, and a consider the infective theories do not conflict, but reable addition has since been made in commemo- inforce each other. The digestive disturbances ration of the quarter centenary of the Lady induced by a diet of spoilt corn, and the conseMargaret's foundation of the college. The col- quent lowered resistance, pave the way for the lege library was also reconstructed and enlarged. development of the specific microbic infection. Among his publications, in addition to those Still another theory is advanced by Sambon, as mentioned above, were Notes to Tale of Nala a result of investigations in several districts in (Sanskrit) (1881), and History of Christ's Col- Italy. Sambon believes that pellagra is an inlege (1900). sect-borne disease and that the sand-fly is responsible for its dissemination. He did not discover any parasite, but suggests a parallelism between yellow fever and pellagra. No doubt exists as to the microbic character of yellow fever and of its dissemination by mosquitoes, and yet no specific parasite has been discovered. (See INSECTS AND THE PROPAGATION OF DISEASE.) The Austrian government has taken practical steps to stop the progress of pellagra, by the erection of six modern steam rye bakeries, which are under close supervision and the product of which is sold at a fixed price, in order to popularize the rye bread and stop the use of infected corn meal as a popular food. PEIXOTTO, E. C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. PELLAGRA. According to the bulletin of the Census Bureau, in 1909 there were 116 deaths in the United States from this disease, as against 23 in 1908. The actual mortality is probably much higher than this, since the registration area comprises only a small portion of the area of its occurrence. The finding of so many cases in the Southern States within the past few years has stimulated interest in the United States, but the disease was studied still more attentively in Austria and Italy, where pellagra is widely prevalent. While there seems to be no doubt as to the relationship between the eating of damaged maize and pellagra, yet this theory does not always square with facts observed, and other factors must be sought for to explain its occurrence. Raubitschek in the Laboratory at Czernowitz carried on extensive experimental work to determine the value of the various theories in regard to the origin of pellagra. He believes that none of the theories at present in vogue is correct. His researches seem to indicate that beriberi and pellagra are the result of some toxic substance in rice and corn, which does not become active unless sensitized by direct sunlight. Labora tory animals fed exclusively on corn or rice remained healthy as long as they were protected from direct sunlight, but on exposure soon became emaciated and developed paralysis, and died in from one to three weeks. Other animals, removed from the light soon after the onset of the disease, rapidly recovered. Again, white animals fed on buckwheat remained healthy while kept in the dark and died when exposed to the sun. Dark-colored animals, on the contrary, did not suffer in this way. The bearing of these observations upon pellagra is shown, when it is considered that symptoms develop in summer with special vigor, and that the skin lesions are almost exclusively confined to the areas exposed to the sunlight. Raubitschek therefore explains pellagra as due to a toxin which develops in the parts of the skin exposed to the sun from the action of chemical rays on the fatty alcohol soluble element in corn. Verney, an Italian investigator, marshals the facts in favor of the theory of a specific microbic infection as a cause for pellagra. He points out that cases occur in individuals who have never eaten corn (Neusser and Antonini, however, discovered that some patients drank brandy made from damaged maize) and that the disease per PENANG. See STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. PENTLAND, Lord. See GREAT BRITAIN, Government. PEND OREILLE BRIDGE. See BRIDGES. PENITENTIARIES. See PENOLOGY. PENNSYLVANIA. One of the Middle Atlantic Division of the United States. It has an area of 45,126 square miles. Its capital is Harrisburg. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 7,665,111, as compared with 6,302,115 in 1900 and 5,258,113 in 1890. The increase in the decade 1900 to 1910 was 21.6 per cent. The State ranks second in point of population, the same relative rank which it held in 1900. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITed States CENSUS. The pro MINERAL PRODUCTION. Pennsylvania surpasses every other State in the value of its mineral products. Its coal includes practically 50 per cent. of the coal mined in the United States. The total production in 1909 was 137,845,815 short tons of bituminous and 80,658,049 short tons of anthracite. The bituminous production was considerably larger than that of 1908, which was 117,179,527 short tons. duction of anthracite, however, fell off. There were produced in 1908 83,268,754 tons. The production of bituminous coal in 1910, according to the estimates of the United States Geological Survey, showed a considerable increase over that of 1909. The different fields were variously affected during the year. In the western part, particularly in Allegheny and Washington counties, the production was stimulated almost be yond that of any previous year. On the other hand, in the Connellsville coking-coal district, the production of 1910 was not materially dif ferent from that of the preceding year, although indications are that it was slightly increased. licans to seek for the strongest possible candiIn the Clearfield or central Pennsylvania dis- date for governor. A strong effort was made trict, conditions were unsatisfactory. The in- to induce Philander C. Knox, Secretary of State, creased production in the western counties was to become the Republican candidate, and Secredue chiefly to the idleness of six months caused tary Knox went so far as to give a tentative by the strike in the Mississippi Valley States promise that he would serve. Objections on and to an unusually large amount of coal the part of President Taft, however, induced shipped to the Upper Lake markets during the him to withdraw his consent, and he declined summer. The production of anthracite coal was to have his name used before the convention. estimated at 64,374,200 tons. The statistics for The State Republican machine, which dictates the last few years indicate that no decided in- Republican nominations, is under the control of crease in the production of anthracite coal is Senator Penrose, and at the meeting of the Reto be expected. Anthracite is becoming more publican Convention at Harrisburg on June 22, and more a luxury and this tendency will con- practically no opposition was made to the nomtinue to be more pronounced until the mines are inations favored by him. These were the folexhausted. It is now almost entirely marketed lowing: For governor, John K. Tener; for lieufor domestic use in the Eastern States. In the teant-governor, John M. Reynolds; for secretary manufacture of coke Pennsylvania stands first of internal affairs, Henry Houck; and for State among the States. The quantity produced in treasurer, Charles F. Wright. (Subsequently the 1908, the latest year for which statistics are Supreme Court decided that Mr. Wright, serving available, was 15,511,634 short tons, which was as treasurer by appointment, should hold over considerably more than half the total produc- a year, and treasureship nominees were dropped tion of the country. This, however, was a de- from the several tickets.) The platform adopted cided falling off from the production of 1907, by the convention indorsed the national largely as a result of the financial depression and State administrations, approved the Paynethroughout the country. The production of pe- Aldrich tariff law and outlined a series of State troleum has steadily increased since 1896. There issues for the campaign. The platform declared were produced in 1909 1,134,897 barrels, as com- for a ship canal from the Ohio River to the pared with 1,160,128 barrels in 1908. The pe- Great Lakes, a system of main State highways, troleum developments during the year were gen- compulsory arbitration of labor disputes, enerally limited to well-defined oil-producing re- forcement of the pure food laws, vigorous prosegions. The estimates of the United States Geo- cution of the civil suits to recover the millions logical Survey indicate a still diminished pro- of dollars misspent on the State Capitol; liberal duction in 1910. The price of oil declined from appropriations for schools and a State health $1.43 a barrel at the beginning of the year to campaign, and an investigation of the caving $1.30 in June, remaining at this figure to the in of the surface over abandoned coal mines. end of the year. Pennsylvania is first among The Democrats in their convention held on the States in the production and value of ce- June 15 nominated Webster Grim for governor, ment. There were produced in 1909 20,923,606 Thomas H. Creedy for lieutenant-governor, and barrels, valued at $14,746,755, as compared James I. Blakslee for secretary of internal afwith 18,254,806 barrels, valued at $13,899,807 fairs. The platform adopted by the convention in 1908. There were 21 plants producing Port- attacked the Republican policy of protection, land cement in 1909. Other important mineral declaring that the party had taxed the neces products are slate, coal products, sand and saries of life for the benefit of corporate trusts gravel, iron ores, salt and talc. and declared that trusts and monopolies should be abolished or controlled by the supervision and management of their business by legislation. A demand was made for the conservation of public lands, forests, water-power and mineral resources. A plank was incorporated favoring the income tax amendment to the Constitution of the United States. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of leading crops in 1909 and 1910 are given in the following table: Corn,1910... Oats, 1910. 1909 Barley, 1910 1909 Rye 1910 1909 Buckwheat, 1910 1909 Potatoes, 1910 1909 Hay,1910 1909 Tobacco, 1910. 1909 Value Acreage Prod. bu. 998,000 35,130,000 998,000 25,948,000 28,629,000 150,000 3.845.000 A body of Republicans and Democrats, who were dissatisfied with the results of their party conventions, organized a new party known as the Keystone Independent. The convention was held at Philadelphia on July 28, at which Wil4,406,000 liam H. Berry, former State treasurer, was 3.506.000 nominated for governor; D. Clarence Gibbony, 290,000 5,655,000 320,000 28.160,000 14,643,000 President of the Philadelphia Law and Order 305,000 23,790.000 15 464,000 Society, for lieutenant-governor; Cornelius D. 3,212 000 4,433,000a 66.495.000 Scully of Pittsburg for State treasurer; and 3,118,000 3,732,000 54.633,000 33,000 49.500.000b 4,603,500 John J. Casey of Harrisburg for secretary of 31,200 30,732,000 2,765,080 internal affairs. Of this ticket, Berry and Casey were Democrats and Gibbony and Scully Republicans. a Tons. b Pounds. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT The State legislature was not in session in 1910, as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1909. The next session meets January 3, 1911. CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. Dissensions in the Republican party in the State and the general feeling of possible Democratic success in the November election compelled the Repub That the Republican majority would be reduced in the November elections was indicated by the result of the congressional primaries held on June 4. In this election, Representative Dalzell, one of the most prominent members of the House of Representatives, and a strong conservative or reactionary, narrowly escaped defeat for renomination, Joseph C. Sibley, formerly a member of Congress, was nominated in the 28th District, but several months later he was PENNSYLVANIA indicted on the charge of bribing voters to secure his renomination. According to his own statement, Mr. Sibley spent $42,500 to secure the Republican nomination in the five counties composing the 28th District 563 The campaign which followed the nominations was a bitter one and was not free from person alities. Charges were made by various news papers reflecting upon the character of the Republican nominee, Mr. Tener, and he brought libel suits against several journals making these charges. The nominees of all three parties made an active campaign throughout the State. The result of the voting on November 8 was as follows: John K. Tener, 415,611 votes; Webster Grim, 129,395 votes. Mr. Berry, candidate for the Independent Keystone Party, received 382,127 votes or nearly three times the number cast for the Democratic nominee. A falling off in the Republican vote is indicated by the fact that in 1908 President Taft received 745,779 votes. The entire Republican ticket was elected. PITTSBURG GRAFT CASES. The most sensational events in the history of the State were those connected with the indictment and prosecution of persons accused of receiving and giving bribes in Pittsburg. These prosecutions were begun as a result of the work of the Voters' League from 1906 to 1908 in investigating the methods of Councils, especially in passing ordinances providing for contracts with banks to be city depositories. The city had up to July 1908, been paid 2 per cent, upon its bank deposits. An ordinance was introduced in Councils providing that certain city depositories be designated by Councils for a term of four years, the city to receive only 2 per cent. on daily balances. Certain other banks offered to pay 22 per cent. Out of 77 votes cast at the balloting on this ordinance in Common Council, 76 were in favor of it. The ordinance was vetoed by Mayor Guthrie and was repassed over his veto by a vote of 73 to 2 in Common Council and 42 to 6 in Select Council. Investigations by the Voters' League disclosed a remarkable condition of corruption among municipal officers and officials of certain banks. As a result, seven councilmen were arrested for receiving bribes on December 31, 1908. At the same time the president and the cashier of the German National Bank of Pittsburg were arrested on charges of bribery. On February 18, 1909, W. W. Ramsey, former president of the German National Bank, was convicted on a charge of bribing councilmen to have his bank named as one of the six city depositories. He was convicted and sent to the penitentiary; A. A. Vilsack, the cashier, pleaded no defense and was sentenced to jail. Prosecutions were carried on during 1910 and many convictions were obtained. Many cases were pending at the close of the year 1909 and several men were under bail. On January 14, 1910, five prominent citizens of Pittsburg were arrested, charged with conspiracy, perjury, bribery, and other offenses. These men were Edward H. Jennings, president of the Columbia National Bank; Frank F. Nicola, a prominent and influential business man; Max G. Leslie, Allegheny county delinquent tax collector; Frank A. Griffin, formerly vice-president and cashier of the Columbia National Bank, and Charles Stewart, formerly member of the Council. In February Max G. Leslie was tried and acquitted. E. H. Jennings, president of the Co PENNSYLVANIA lumbia National Bank, and F. A. Griffin, formerly cashier of the bank, testified that they had given to Leslie $25,000 to be used in procuring by bribery the passage of an ordinance making their bank a depository for city funds. His on John F. Klein, a former councilman, who had been convicted of giving and receiving bribes, in March made a confession to the prosecuting attorney which implicated not less than eighty persons. Among these were several bankers, but the larger part were former or present members of the Select or Common Councils. Klein confessed that he had been one of the persons who distributed the bribe money which was paid by six banks to procure ordinances making them depositories of city funds. He had kept complete records of these transactions and after the bribers refused to pay him $60 a month for the support of his wife and two young children during his term of 3 years imprisonment in the penitentiary, he resolved to confess. confession was a few days later supplemented by those of two of his former associates in Council, Joseph C. Wasson and William Brand, both of whom had been convicted. Following Klein's confession the district-attorney March 20, invited all the bribe-takers to confess in open court. He promised to favor those who confessed and to prosecute those who refused. On the following day ten of these confessed. These, with one exception, had, as members of the Council, sold their votes for sums ranging from $80 to $500. The exception was Dr. W. H. Weber, who had received $10,000, of which he had given $6000 to Klein and had distributed $4000 among forty others. In the three days following 24 more persons confessed to Judge Frazer. These received sums ranging from $50 to $1100. On May 25 an indictment against 31 persons was brought by the grand jury. That body also demanded that the directors of the six banks named as city depositories should investigate in relation to the action of the officers of the institutions and report in writing. These banks were the Farmers' Deposit National Bank, the Second National, the German National and the Columbia National, of Pittsburg, and the German National and the Workingmen's Savings and Trust Company of Allegheny. In the interest of these banks, $102,500 was alleged to have been paid in bribes. The grand jury published a list of fifty-four councilmen and the sums they received, ranging from $50 to $500 for the passage of one ordinance. Max G. Leslie, who had been acquitted a few days before, was again accused. The exposure of corruption was due largely to the efforts of the Voters' League, who employed detectives. During the last week in March, 24 other persons were indicted, making a total number of 97. Among those thus accused was Dr. E. R. Walters, formerly president of the Select Council and at the time of his indictment director of public health and charities. He was charged with having accepted a bribe of $1000 for voting to make one of the banks a depository for city funds. Much of the evidence upon which these indictments were based was obtained from already convicted councilmen. In response to the district-attorney's invitation, six more councilmen came into court in the same week and admitted their guilt. On April 1, a mass-meeting was held in which the subjects of discussion were the graft cases and the movement against vice. To this meeting the mayor, William A. Magee, came, and without invitation undertook to defend himself against the criticism of several speakers. His defense was not well received by his listeners. On April 6 the grand jury indicted Frank N. Hoffstot, president of the Pressed Steel Car Company and of the German National Bank of Allegheny, and the director of several other corporations. It was charged that he gave or caused to be given in New York City, to a Councilman, Charles Stewart, $52,500 to be used in bribes for an ordinance making three banks, the German National Bank of Allegheny, the Farmers' Deposit National and the Second Natioal, depositories of city funds. This bribery was alleged to have occurred in 1908. He was also accused by the grand jury of having solicited and obtained a contribution of $21,000 from the cashier of the Second National Bank as a part of the bribery fund. Previous to the indictment of Hoffstot, the court had heard the confession of Charles W. Friend, vice-president of the Clinton Iron and Steel Company, a director of Hoffstot's company and of the Second National Bank He admitted that he had paid bribe money to Stewart. Emil Winter, president of the Workingmen's Savings and Trust Company, also confessed to the court that he had paid to Morris Einstein $20,000 to be used for an ordinance in favor of that company. Councilman P. B. Kerns confessed that he had taken and distributed bribe money, adding that he had held back for himself more than was assigned to him. Max G. Leslie, county delinquent tax collector, was indicted for a second time. fied for the prosecution, eight months in jail and a fine of $5000; Charles Stewart and Hugh Ferguson, former councilmen, eight months in jail and a fine of $500; Dr. W. H. Weber, former member of the council, six months in jail and $500 fine; P. B. Kerns, former councilman, six months in jail and $250 fine; Morris Einstein, former councilman, six months in jail Charles W. Friend, vice-presiand $2500 fine case dent of the Clinton Iron and Steel Company, was 7. were The sentence of two years' imprisonment and a fine of $500 against William P. Snyder, auditor-general, and James M. Schumaker, general superintendent of the public buildings and grounds, found guilty in December, 1908, of conIn April M. L. Swift, Jr., a former member spiracy to defraud the State in connection with of the Common Council, was placed on trial for the furnishings of the State Capitol at Harristaking bribes. John F. Klein was the chief burg, was affirmed by the higher court on March witness against him. He was found guilty state treasurer, and John H. Sanderson, were Two other persons, William L. Mathues, with a recommendation to mercy. In the same week, A. V. Simon, a councilman, was put on both died, however, before sentence could be in 1908 found guilty on the same charges. They trial. After deliberating 46 hours the jury reexecuted. On the same date the attorneyported a verdict of acquittal, providing that Simon would pay all costs of the case and would general of the State started suit to recover, if at once resign from the Council. The judge de- possible, the moneys fraudulently taken, by clined to accept this curious verdict and dis- bringing suits in equity for more than $5,000,charged the jury. Leslie asked for a change of Burd Cassell, president of the Pennsylvania ex-Congressman venue, alleging that public prejudice would pre- Construction Company, E. L. Reinhold and vent a fair trial in Pittsburg and that the county E. B. Reinhold, officers of the same company, authorities would pack the jury against him. G. Harris, formerly State treasurer, E. B. District Attorney Blakeley joined in asking for a change of venue on other grounds. His remark to the court implied an inference that he could not expect justice in a trial in Pittsburg of a person prominent and active in politics. He declared that a large fund had been raised and was being used against the interests of jus tice. In the case of Frank N. Hoffstot who was arrested in New York City Governor Hughes decided to honor the requisition of the governor of Pennsylvania. Hoffstot delayed extradition by securing a writ of habeas corpus, and appealed to the United States Supreme Court. The decision was against him and he returned to Pittsburg and gave bail. Maurice S. Coffey, a former councilman, was tried for bribery and the jury disagreed, standing seven to five for conviction. On May 14 the following men who had been found guilty of bribery or who had admitted their guilt, received the following sentences: A. A. Vilsack, formerly cashier of the German National Bank. who pleaded guilty and testi 000. The defendants were John H. Sanderson. M. Hardenbergh, formerly auditor-general of the State, T. Larry Eyre, formerly superintendent of public buildings and grounds, William P. Snyder, formerly auditor-general, James Shumaker, formerly superintendent of public buildings, Joseph M. Huston, architect of the Capitol, and the estates of W. L. Mathues and against various trust companies, surety comSuits were brought also panies and individuals, in sums exceeding $2,000,000. It was alleged in these suits that Sanderson received $5,376,308 for articles worth only $1,344,077 and that $2,000,000 was paid to the Pennsylvania Construction Company for me tallic filing cases which in reality were not worth more than $750,000. It was charged also that a corrupt agreement had been made in 1902 even before the contract for the erection of the new Capitol had been awarded. Joseph M. Huston in the latter part of April was found guilty of conspiracy to defraud the State. The jury at first insisted upon a verdict that Huston was guilty of fraud, saying there |