PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCE independence. An address in Spanish was delivered by Professor Bernard Moses of the United States delegation. It was proposed that in recognition of Argentina's centenary, a building for a permanent Pan-American exposition be erected in Buenos Ayres, and that the cost of this be shared by all the republics.

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PAPER

the entire situation was awaiting solution at the end of the year.

So far as the paper trade itself in the United States was concerned, business was more satisfactory in 1910 as regards volume than in 1909, though it was considered far from ideal and a tendency towards overproduction was maniIt was decided that the International Bureau fested, causing an unstable market. In the first of the American Republics should hereafter be half of the year water conditions upon which known as the Pan-American Union (q. v.). Dur- the paper industry is so dependent were favoring the session of the Conference four conven- able and as a result 94 3/10 per cent. of the tions and twenty resolutions were passed. The normal output of writing paper was made and conventions related to provisions for payment of 98 per cent. shipped. In the second half of the pecuniary claims, and for the regulation of trade year there was a lack of water and as shown marks, copyrights and patents. They accord in the production of writing paper, there was with instructions given to the American delega- a decrease to but 87 per cent. of the normal outtion by Secretary Knox before their departure put, with shipments of 85 per cent. In 1910 Among the matters considered by the congress the actual daily production of writing paper were arrangements for the opening of the Pan- was 500 tons, as compared with 429 tons in ama Canal in 1915, and ways to establish better 1909. The book paper trade experienced an water communication between the countries. ordinary routine year, with a product aggregatPAN-AMERICAN UNION. An offical in- ing 740,125 tons, as against 717,300 tons in stitution under the support of the Republics of 1909, a figure that was considered by many an North, South and Central America, for the en- overestimate. The normal increase in the procouragement of Pan-American commerce, friend- duction of book paper is stated at about 8 per ship and peace. Previous to the fourth Pan- cent. For 1911 it was announced that about a American Conference (q. v.) this institution was dozen new machines had been contracted for and known as the International Bureau of the Amer- this would increase the output by about 60,000 ican Republics. It was established in 1890 in tons. In addition to the output of ordinary accordance with resolutions passed at the first book paper there was the coated and enameled International Conference of American Republics, book paper, of which the output was about 180,held at Washington, and it has been continued 000 tons. The production of "news by succeeding conferences. The most important 1910 was below the capacity of the plants on purpose of the Union is to develop commerce account of a strike of the International Paper and trade, to promote better political relations, Company's employes and the severe droughts closer acquaintance and more intimate associa- in the latter half of the year. There was an intion among the American republics. In order crease in the amount of paper imported during to accomplish these results it keeps in close the year, due to the lowering of the duty by the touch with the commercial affairs of the repub- tariff act of 1909. The paper bag trade was lics and publishes numerous handbooks, pam- reported as being in rather a demoralized condiphlets and maps relating to them. Its most im- tion during the year. White tissue stocks inportant publication is the Bulletin of the Pan- creased and the prices were lowered. American Union, issued monthly, which contains a variety of information relating to commerce, finances and history of the American republics. In the July and August, 1910, numbers of the Bulletin there were included important and exhaustive summaries of the commerce of the various republics during the year 1909. In April, 1910, the handsome new building of the Union was dedicated at Washington. This building was erected as the result of a gift of $750,000 from Mr. Andrew Carnegie, together with additional sums from the govern ments of the various republics. The directorgeneral of the Union is John Barrett, and the secretary, Francisco J. Yanes.

PANTOCHROMISM. See CHEMISTRY, Color of Dyestuffs.

paper for

The business for the year with foreign countries showed an increase in the quantity of raw materials brought in to meet increased domestic demand for the finished product. New plants were built during the year, and while there was some drought in certain sections mills have been busy but conservative. At Watervliet, Mich., a 136-inch Fourdrinier paper-making machine was installed in a new mill. This installation was unique in that it was able to make a roll of paper complete in 40 minutes.

The great Harmsworth combination, which controlled extensive wood supplies and pulp mills in Newfoundland, during the year were engaged in getting their English paper mills at Gravesend-on-the-Thames in readiness for work and other new mills in addition were being built, all to be finished in 1911. Two large machines for the manufacture of "news paper were built during the year and were ready for installation in three weeks. The pulp from Newfoundland is transported directly to these mills and many interesting developments in the British trade are anticipated once they are in operation.

PAPER. The paper industry in 1910 experienced the effects of political discussions and proposed legislation and treaties by the United States and Canada. It was proposed that a reciprocity treaty be negotiated and one of the features of this would be the importation of paper or wood pulp duty free or at a low rate into the United States. This was demanded in The Oji Paper Manufacturing Company at the United States by those looking for cheaper Tomakomai, Iburi province, Japan, completed paper and for the conservation of the forests its $3,500,000 plant for the manufacture of and opposed by papermakers, while in Canada book and 99 news paper. It has a capacity of the manufacturers were demanding protection 350 feet of paper a minute 100 inches in width. for raw materials and the conservation of the Other paper plants were in course of construcforests and water supply. The Canadian far- tion during the year in Japan and considerable mers were anxious for complete reciprocity and effect on the import trade was anticipated.

Climatic conditions in Chile are reported to be such that young trees grow twice as fast as in other wood-producing countries and in many sections the supply of good trees is extensive. A French combination was endeavoring to secure a concession near Lake Chapo and there erect a pulp mill to supply wood pulp for export to Europe and the United States. Later they proposed to build a paper mill and compete in the markets of South America, which is now a large importer of American and European paper. Japanese in Tieling, Manchuria, have undertaken the manufacture of pulp from millet, which grows in abundance in this country and a large acreage has been planted for an experiment.

The use of India paper for reference books received an impetus during the year when contracts were placed in Europe for 2000 tons of this paper the amount being distributed among a number of mills, though only a few are able to supply the product, the annual output of which ordinarily is only about 200 tons, used mainly for Bibles and small books. The manufacture is a long and lengthy process. CHEMISTRY, INDUSTRIAL.

PAPER BOARD ASSOCIATION. TRUSTS.

See

See

of 183,772 tons There are 1247 miles of cart roads and horse and pedestrian tracks. Revenue (1908-9), £27,706; expenditure, £51,824; 1909-10, £35,918 and £64,873. Grant, 1908-9, £23,000; 1909-10, £26,000. Lieutenant-governor (1910), J. H. P. Murray; administrator, commissioner for lands and surveys, etc., M. Staniforth Smith. PAPUANS. See ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY.

PAPYRUS. See ARCHEOLOGY. PARAGUAY. An interior republic of South America. The capital is Asunción. AREA AND POPULATION. The area has been estimated at 97,722 square miles, but it cannot be positively determined until the settlement of the boundary dispute with Bolivia. On December 31, 1908, the estimated population was 715,841, mostly a mixture of Spanish, Guarani Indian, and negro origin. The larger towns are: Asunción, with upwards of 60,000 inhabitants; Villa Rica, 30,000; Concepción, 25,000; Carapegua, 13,000. Immigration, 1906-7, 1226; 1907-8, 1024.

Primary instruction is free and compulsory. The reported number of public primary schools at the beginning of 1909 was 344, with 40,605 pupils and 756 teachers. In addition there were between 2000 and 3000 pupils in private schools. The University of Asunción has about 200 students. The state religion is Roman Catholi cism, but religious toleration prevails.

PRODUCTION AND COMMERCE. The greater part of the soil has been alienated to capitalists, syndicates, and foreign bondholders. Agriculture is not greatly developed, but livestock raising has become important. Livestock in 1908: Cattle, 5,500,000; horses, 182,790; mules and asses, 7626; goats, 32,334; swine, 23,900. Of the crops, yerba maté, tobacco, and oranges are commercially the most important. Annual production of maté, about 17,600,000 pounds; tobacco, about 6,000,000. Other products are corn, alfalfa, beans, cotton, manioc and various fruits. The quebracho tree affords a profitable industry; estimated yield of quebracho extract in 1908, 15,000 tons, valued at 1,275,000 pesos (gold).

Imports and exports have been valued as follows, in thousands of pesos (the gold peso is equivalent to the Argentine peso, worth 96.5 cents):

PAPUA, TERRITORY OF. A British possession, a dependency of the Commonwealth of Australia, made up of the southeastern portion of the island of New Guinea and the Trobriand, Woodlark, D'Entrecasteaux, and Louisiade groups of islands. Total area, 90,540 square miles (87,786 mainland, 2754 all islands). The foreign white population (census of June 30, 1908) numbered 711; colored, 511. The native population is placed at 500,000; but large areas of the hinterland remain unexplored and no estimate of their population is possible. Capital, Port Moresby. On March 31, 1909, there were 130 European plantations, with a total planted area of 7740 acres, divided as follows: 5365 acres in cocoanuts, 1702 in rubber, 382 in sisal-hemp, 180 in coffee, 111 in other economic plants. These figures are exclusive of grains, etc. The ordinance compelling the natives to plant cocoanuts for their own use is being generally enforced with good results, and the total acreage planted up to 1909 was estimated at 350,000, with about 100 trees to the acre. Sugar-cane, tobacco, ginger, bamboos, tropical fruits, and valuable timbers are indigenous, and cacao, cotton, vanilla, tea, etc., are being grown at the government experiment stations. Total livestock (June 30, 1909), 1519. The gold mines employed (1908-9) 102 white and 969 colored miners, and yielded 14,710 ounces, valued at £51,108. The highest value obtained was in 1899-1900-£89,075. The Astrolabe copper field exported (1908-9) 67 cwt., value £1341. Lead, mercury, graphite, osmiridium, zinc, and sulphur occur. Pearls, bêche-de-mer, tortoise-shell, and sandalwood are produced for export Total imports (1907-8), £94,061 (foodstuffs, £33,440; hardware and ironmongery, £10,774; clothing, £9300; tobacco and cigars, £7653; liquors, £2297); exports, £80,616 (gold, £52,837; copra, COMMUNICATIONS. A railway is in operation £7515; sandalwood, £6346; natural history spec- from Asunción to Pirapó, 155 miles. An extenimens, £3661; pearls, £3310; copper ore, £2479; sion of about 78 miles to Villa Encarnación bêche-de-mer, £1069; rubber, £483). In 1908-9 was expected to be finished in 1911. Encarna the imports and exports were valued at £94,680 and £79,691 respectively. Port Moresby, Daru, Samarai, and Bonagai are the ports of entry, at which entered and cleared in 1907-8, 263 vessels,

Imports
Exports

1906 1907 1908 1909 6,267 7,513 4,073 3,789 2,695 3,237 3,732 5,137

The foregoing figures show a notable increase in exports and the return of imports to a normal amount. The principal imports are foodstuffs, textiles, hardware, and liquors. The leading exports are livestock products (about 40 per cent. in 1908), tobacco, maté, quebracho extract and wood, and oranges. Of the imports in 1908, 29 per cent. came from Germany, 21 from Great Britain, 19 from Argentina, 9 from France, and 7 from Italy; of the exports, 52 per cent. went to Argentina, 25 to Germany, and 15 to Uruguay.

ción is on the Paraná River, opposite the Argentine town Posadas, to which a line was opened August 16, 1910. There was thus the probability of rail communication (excepting

of 256,654 tons, and cleared 1017, of 248,660 Army and Navy Medal of Honor Legion