in the University of Missouri. Dr. Samuel H. Robinson became head of the department of physics. Dr. Carl E. Geiser received permanent appointment as head of the department of political science. During the year $50,000 was received from the estate of John Stewart Kennedy. The productive funds of the college in 1909-10 amounted to $1,842,590 and the income amounts to about $90,000 annually. The president is Henry Churchill King.

O'BRIEN, R. B. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography.

OCEANIA, FRENCH. See FRENCH ESTABLISHMENTS; also ANTHROPOLOGY.

OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES, NEED OF LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED STATES. This subject received conspicuous attention during the year. Largely as the result of the efforts of the American Association for Labor Legislation various investigations were carried on and public sentiment to support advanced legislation was developed. As in the matter of compensation for industrial accidents, the United States is many years behind the best legislation of Europe on the proper safe-guarding of the health of the workers in occupations especially conducive to disease and physical deterioration. It is believed that, although such diseases are less obvious than industrial accidents, they result in greater loss of life and economic power. Nevertheless, although very elaborate legislation on employers' liability and workmen's compensation has been worked out little or nothing has been done with respect to this even more important subject.

PHOSPHORUS POISONING. The Association, in coöperating with the United States Bureau of Labor, completed an investigation into phosphorus poisoning in match factories. The results are published in Bulletin No. 86 of the Bureau. Phosphorus poisoning results in the loathsome disease known as phosphorus necrosis or "phossy jaw," which eats away the bone tissues causing frightful disfigurement. The investigation covered fifteen factories, in which eighty-two cases of poisoning and records of more than one hundred others were found. Sixty-five per cent. of all the employes of these factories were found working under conditions exposing them to fumes of phosphorus and to the danger of poisoning, ninety-five per cent. of all women and eighty-three per cent. of all children employed were thus exposed. This exposure to a dreadful disease is no longer necessary owing to the discovery of a harmless substitute for phosphorus in match making. Through the efforts of the International Association for Labor Legislation the leading countries of Europe, including Germany, France, Great Britain, and Scandinavia had entered into treaties to prohibit the manufacture, importation, and sale of matches made from poisonous phosphorus. On the basis of the above investigation a bill was introduced in Congress in June by Representative Esch of Wisconsin, prohibiting the transportation in interstate commerce of matches made from white or poisonous phosphorus. Most of the principal manufacturers of the county signified their entire willingness to accept the provisions of the bill. In the August report of the Diamond Match Company attention of the stockholders was called to the impending legislation. It was also stated that the company was making preparations for the use of the harmless substitute for white phos

OGILVY

phorus and that in all probability "before the proposed legislation is enacted the company will have succeeded in producing a satisfactory match without being required to use poisonous forms of phosphorus."

WORK OF INVESTIGATION. On June 10, was held in Chicago a Conference on Industrial Diseases. This was called by the Commission on Industrial Hygiene of the Association for Labor Legislation. It was attended by representatives of State commissions, manufacturers' organizations, and trade unions, as well as by persons interested in progressive social legislation. The Conference appointed a committee of five to urge upon the President of the United States the necessity of a national inquiry into this subject. Governor Deneen of Illinois appointed a commission of nine members, of which Professor Charles R. Henderson of the Univer sity of Chicago was made secretary, to investigate industrial disease in that State. This is the first such State commission in the United States. The legislature appropriated $16,000 for this investigation. Both American and European experts were secured, either as advisers or direct investigators, and efforts were concentrated on the subject of lead poisoning. Some attention was to be given also to caisson disease, bisulphide poisoning and the effects of gases in metal works. The commission planned to investigate the shops and factories, the death records of trade unions, mutual benefit societies, coroners and hospitals; and to take the testimony of employers, workmen, and physicians. It was to report in January, 1911.

Perhaps the most thoroughgoing study of this subject is the English treatise on Diseases of Occupation, by Sir Thomas Oliver. In this, the subject is classified under the following heads: (1) diseases due to gases, vapors, and high temperatures; (2) diseases due to increased or decreased atmospheric pressure; (3) diseases due to metallic poisons, dust, and fumes; (4) diseases due to organic and inorganic dust and heated atmospheres; and (5) diseases due to fatigue. Mr. John B. Andrews, Secretary of the American Association for Labor Legislation, declared that a great deal of the modern labor problem is a health problem. He said, in briefly classifying occupational diseases, that there is a long list of diseases occasioned by the breathing of impure air; a second group due mainly to extremes or rapid variation in temperature; a third class due to humidity; and a fourth due to over fatigue.

The second meeting of the Permanent International Commission for the Study of Diseases of Occupation met at Brussels, Belgium, September 10-14. This commission is composed mainly of physicians, members of public health boards, factory inspectors, economists, and social workers of the United States and principal European countries. Its membership combines expert scientific medical and chemical knowledge with intimate knowledge of industrial facts. The topics for discussion included lead, mercury, and white phosphorus as industrial poisons, temperature and dust in factories, work under compressed air, effects of fatigue and overwork, and conditions of special trades. The secretary of the American section is William C. Hanson, M. D., State Board of Health, Boston, Mass. The next session is to meet at Vienna in 1912.

OGILVY, J. S. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History.

OHIO. One of the East North Central Division of the United States. Its area is 41,040 square miles. Its capital is Columbus.

POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 4,767,121 as compared with 4,157,545 in 1900 and 3,672,329 in 1890. The increase in the decade from 1900 to 1910 was 14.7 per cent. The State ranks fourth in point of population, the same relative rank which it held in 1900. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS.

MINERAL PRODUCTION. Ohio ranks fourth

among the States in the production of coal. It is surpassed by Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Illinois. The coal production in 1909 was 27,919,861 short tons, as compared with a production in 1908 of 26,270,639. According to the estimates of the United States Geological Survey, the production of 1910 increased between three million and four million tons over 1909, reaching a total of approximately 31,500,000 short tons. This is the first year in which the production of coal in the State has exceeded 30,000,000 tons. This was due chiefly to the long continued idleness in the fields west of the State. The marked curtailment of the Illinois output, which normally goes to Chicago and the northwest, created a demand for coal in Ohio, which was not affected by the strike to the same extent as Illinois. The prices for Ohio coal ranged during the year from 25 to 35 cents a ton higher than in 1909. The only strike of any importance during the year was one of eight months' duration in the Crooksdale and in the Goshen or middle Ohio district. This brought increased demands on the Hocking Valley district, which increased the production fully 25 per cent. during the year. The State is an important producer of petroleum. The production in 1909 was 10,632,793 barrels. Of these 5,915,357 barrels came from the Lima field and 4, 717,069 barrels from the southeastern part of the State. The Lima field has shown a decline in recent years. The production of that field in 1908 was 6,748,676 barrels. The southeastern fields, on the other hand, showed an increased production. There were produced in 1908 in these fields 4,109,935 barrels. The value of the product in 1909 was $13,225,377 as compared with a value of $14,178,502 for the product of 1908. There were in the State at the close of 1909 2280 wells. The production in 1910 according to the estimates of the United States Geological Survey showed a decrease from the previous years in the total production, due largely to the desire to invest in the newer ventures of Illinois. The cement industry of the State is important. There were produced in 1909 1,770,900 barrels valued at $1,329,547 as compared with 1,521,764 valued at $1,305,210 in 1908. The State ranks first in the value of its clay products. These in 1908, the latest year for which statistics are available, were valued at $26,622,490. In the production of salt Ohio ranks third, being surpassed only by Michgan and New York. In 1908 there were produced 3,427,478 barrels, valued at $864,710. Ohio is second only to Pennsylvania in the production of pig iron. The amount produced in 1908 was 2,861,325 long tons. Other Important mineral products were grindstone, coal products, build ing stone, natural cement, and metallic paints. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production, and

EDUCATION. The school population of the State, according to the enumeration in 1910, was 1,227,127. The enrollment for the year was 838,080 and the average daily attendance was 648,544. There were about 1000 high schools in the State. The average monthly salary in the township elementary schools was: for men, $46; for women, $45; in the high schools, for men, $83; for women, $59; in other districts, city, village, special, and elementary schools, for men, $56; for women, $46; in the special high schools, men $87; women, $66. The total expenditures for education during the year amounted to $27,328,460.

FINANCE. The report of the State treasurer for the fiscal year ending November 15, 1910, showed a balance at the beginning of the year of $4,170,880. The total receipts of the year were $11,567,122, and the total expenditures were $12,074,835, leaving a balance at the close of the year of $3,363,167. The school fund of the State amounted to $2,559,781, the sinking fund to $610,643, and the university fund to $770,500.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions under State control, and their populations on November 15, 1910, are as follows: Athens State Hospital, 1328; Cleveland State Hospital, 1523; Columbus State Hospital, 1700; Dayton State Hospital, 1167; Longview Hospital, 1322; Massillon State Hospital, 1630; Toledo State Hospital, 1874; Ohio Hospital for Epileptics, 1433; Home for Soldiers' Widows, Army Nurses, etc., 38; Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 1460; Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home, 677; State School for the Blind, 263; State School for the Deaf, 451; Institution for Feeble-Minded, 1570; Ohio Penitentiary, 1570; State Reformatory, 885; Boys' Industrial School, 1180; Girls' Industrial School, 547; Total, 20,618.

The most notworthy change in legislation relating to charities and corrections made by the last legislature was the passage of what is commonly called the " pay patient law." By this law the patients admitted after the enactment of the measure will be supported as far as possible by relatives, guardians, and friends. The amount to be paid for their support is to be determined by the Board of State Charities. The amount shall not be greater than the average gross per capita cost of the preceding year. The Board is to appoint an agent to investigate the financial condition of inmates now in these institutions or hereafter committed and of the

OHIO

relatives liable for their support in order to determine the ability of any inmate or relative to make payment in whole or in part for the support of the inmate. In case the estate of the inmate is sufficient for his or her support and no guardian has been appointed for such estate, the agent shall petition the probate court of the proper county to appoint a guardian. By the provisions of this act a husband may be held liable for the support of a wife while an inmate of any of these institutions, a wife for a husband, a father or mother for a son or a daughter, and a son or daughter or both for a father or mother. This act does not apply to honorably discharged soldiers or sailors of the United States who are inmates of these institutions. This law proved very satisfactory during 1910, though it will probably require two years before the whole population of the institutions affected by the act have been investigated and matters adjusted among the relatives and guard

ians.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

The State legislature met in 1910 and the principal measures passed will be found noted in the section on Legislation below. Governor Harmon in his annual message to the legislature recommended the ratification of the income tax amendment to the constitution. The amendment was, however, never reported out of committee. CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The campaign and the election of 1910 were of unusual national interest in Ohio as the State's attitude toward President Taft's administration was of great interest throughout the country. In 1908 the State elected a Democratic governor, while at the same time giving President Taft a majority of about 70,000 votes. This was due largely to factional disputes in the Republican party and to the powerful personality of Judson Harmon, the Democratic candidate for governor. Governor Harmon has in the past few years been frequently spoken of as a possible presidential candidate, and it was assumed that if he were able to carry the State in 1910 he would be one of the most prominent Democratic candidates for the presidency in 1912. He had no opposition for renomination. The Republican party, on the other hand, was divided by factional differences as it has been for several years. These disputes were largely over local issues and resulted in an effort for control by contending elements of the party. The progressive wing, although not so conspicuous in Ohio as in many other mid-western States, was strong enough to present a formidable front to the regular machine leaders, headed by George B. Cox of Cincinnati, who has been for several years the leader of the Republican political machine. The leaders of the progressive element numbered James R. Garfield, Secretary of the Interior in President Taft's Cabinet.

The Democratic State Convention met at Dayton, on June 22. Governor Harmon was renominated by acclamation and a resolution was adopted declaring him to be the choice of the Democrats of Ohio for President in 1912. The platform adopted by the convention reviewed the administration of Governor Harmon and declared that his administration had been one of the best ever enjoyed by the State. The platform favored the ratification of the income tax amendment to the Federal constitution. It called for election of United States Senators by

direct vote of the people and pledged the Democratic legislature to take the necessary action looking to a convention of the States to adopt the constitutional amendment required. It favored the application of business methods to the administration of the Federal government and demanded a revision of the present tariff, reducing rates so as to lower the prices imposed on consumers. It also favored the immediate enactment of a dollar a day pension bill introduced into the 60th and 61st Congresses by an Ohio Representative, General Isaac R. Sherwood. The convention nominated for lieutenant-governor, Atlee Pomerene.

The Republican State Convention was held on July 26 and 27. Among the candidates for nomination for governor were Representative Longworth, James R. Garfield, Judge O. B. Brown, and Warren G. Harding. Judge Brown was the favorite candidate of the State machine headed by George B. Cox. Mr. Garfield represented the progressive element and he urged before the convention that the platform approve several projects of progressive legislation. On the first day of the convention, the candidate for the chairmanship of the platform committee, supported by Mr. Garfield, was defeated by a vote of 15 to 3. Representative Longworth was chosen temporary chairman at the first day's session and he made an address in which he strongly praised President Taft and his administration. The permanent chairman of the convention was Senator Theodore E. Burton, who, in his address of acceptance, defended the tariff and the recent legislation and praised the legis lation passed by Congress. For the nomination for governor three ballots were required. On the first ballot a large number of votes was cast for Warren G. Harding, who had 485, Judge Brown had 413, Mr. Longworth 92, and Mr. Garfield, 73. On the second ballot Mr. Harding had 497, Judge Brown 363, and Mr. Longworth 164. On the third ballot Mr. Cox threw his support from Judge Brown to Mr. Harding and this resulted in the latter's nomination with 746 votes, 534 being necessary for a choice. Mr. Harding is editor of a newspaper at Marion, was lieutenant-governor in 1904-06 and had long taken an active part in State politics. The convention passed a resolution endorsing the administration of President Taft and calling for his renomination. It reviewed the most important enactments of the administration and declared the record of its achievement and of that of the 61st congress unequalled in the history of the government. The platform favored such amendment to the anti-trust law as official judicial interpretation proves to be necessary for the proper regulation of monopolies. It commended the action of Congress in the creation of a commission to investigate the question of employers' liability laws, and workmen's compensation acts. It demanded the enforcement of existing laws and the enactment of new laws for the protection, wise use and conservation of all the natural resources under the control of the Federal government. It favored legislation for the revival of the merchant marine, an adequate navy, arbitration for the settlement of international disputes, publicity for campaign funds and ratification of the income tax amendment. Certain planks advocated by Mr. Garfield and others asking for the recall and for ballot reform, for the enlargement of the powers of the tariff board, and for measures to check

1911.

OTHER EVENTS. On February 17 at a referendum election held in Cleveland the so-called Tayler street railroad grant was approved by a majority of 8110 in a total vote of 46,504. This franchise had been proposed by Judge Robert W. Tayler of the Federal district court, with headquarters in Cleveland, and had been passed by the city council December 18 during the last days of the Tom L. Johnson administration. The distinctive feature of the ordinance is that it proposes to furnish the public transportation service at bare cost, plus a 6 per cent. return to stockholders, and no more. A sliding scale of fare is arranged, starting with a flat 3 cent fare, though transfers instead of being free are sold at 1 cent each. The ordinance went into effect on March 1 and the initial rate of fare was to continue for a trial period of eight months. Long before the expiration of the eight months, however, it was seen that the success of the experiment was such that the low fare would continue for an indefinite period longer. Under no condition is the railroad company permitted to charge more than four cents cash fare or seven tickets for a quarter. The city council retains a close supervision of the financing and operation of the road. The city has the right to purchase the lines at the end of the 25 year grant, if the State law then permits. A street railway commissioner acts as adviser to the city. His salary of $12,000 and the additional $28,000 a year which the ordinance permits him to spend for the expenses of his office the company is required to pay. Gerhard M. Dahl, a Cleveland lawyer, was appointed the first commissioners. Judge Tayler died suddenly on November 26.

On July 8, a mob of 500 citizens broke into

the county jail in the city of Newark and took from it a prisoner named Carl Etherington and hanged him in the county courthouse square. Etherington was one of a party of detectives employed by the Anti-Saloon League, who had made a raid upon a beer saloon occupied by a former chief of police of the city named Howard. While they were in the saloon Howard was shot by Etherington who asserted that he had acted in self defense. The officers were engaged in looking for cases of violation of the law against the sale of liquor, which is forbidden in Newark. The officials of the Anti-Saloon League declared that the mob was allowed to lynch Etherington because of the cowardice of the mayor and the weakness of the police. On July 10 Governor Harmon went in person to Newark and inspected the jail. After questioning the officials of the city he suspended the mayor on the following day. Residents of the city promptly filed charges of neglect of duty against the sheriff of the county. A new mayor was appointed and he removed the chief of police and captain of police for failure to enforce the liquor laws. The sheriff resigned his office as did the mayor, Herbert Atherton, thus avoiding a trial for neglect of duty. Fifteen men who took part in the lynching were arrested and warrants were served on thirty-five saloon keepers for violating the law. On August 10 a grand jury returned forty indictments in connection with the lynching of Etherington. Among those indicted were several of the most conspicuous politicians of the city.

For an account of the street car strikes and the accompanying riots in Columbus during the summer of 1910, see the article STRIKES.

Charges of wholesale fraud in the elections on November 8 in Adams and Hamilton counties were made in December and as a result several

thousand citizens were indicted by grand juries for corrupt practices.

On December 21 Cincinnati was visited by one of the most disastrous fires in the history of the city. The scene of the fire was the factory district and the factories burned included shoe factories, leather concerns, and safe and lock factories. The total loss was $1,500,000 and about 1500 persons were thrown out of work.

LEGISLATION. Among the important measures enacted at the legislative session of 1910 were the following: Measures were passed providing for agricultural education in the State, and permitting county commissioners to cause marshy lands to be drained and reclaimed for agricultural purposes. Several important measures were passed relating to banks and banking. The publication either orally or in writing of statements derogatory to a bank was made a criminal offense. The child labor laws were slightly amended, and age and school certificates, and the duties of truant officers were revised. A measure was enacted for bidding messenger boys under 18 years of age being employed between nine o'clock at night and six in the morning. An amendment to the constitution dealing with the method of submitting to the voters of the State the question of the constitutional convention, was submitted to the people. The laws dealing with corporations were amended and a section was added to the trust act which declares that foreign organizations violating the act shall do no business in Ohio. Proceedings by quo warranto are authorized and by injunction against violation of the