NEW ZEALAND men were more persistent than ever in their demands for higher wages and shorter hours, and that the present situation was unsatisfactory since the men were not loyal to the Act. The Let should, in their opinion, be repealed or the working classes should be made to change their attitude toward it. The Licensing Bill passed its second reading early in November. It provided for a referendum on the question of the continuance of the present licenses or no license and also on the question of national Prohibition. To carry the measure 60 per cent. of the voters was necessary. It was estimated that the loss of revenue would be £800,000. National Pro; hibition, if carried, would not go into effect until after four years. See ANTHROPOLOGY 525 Revenue.. Expenditures. NICARAGUA 1904 1905 1906 1907 9,554 11,580 12,065 10,219 10.892 9 522 9.818 10.287 Later figures are not available. The paper worth about 16 cents. peso fluctuates in value, but may be regarded as According to an official statement made in April, 1910, the entire public debt on December 31, 1909, was 67,229,533 pesos silver. As the value of the peso on that date was approximately 372 cents, the debt was equivalent to $25,211,075 in United States money. Of the total, the foreign debt was 36,585,397 pesos; treasury vouchers, 20,833,479; internal loans, 1,264,963; obligations on current account, 8,545,695. The principal item under treasury vouchers was NIAGARA POWER PLANT. See TRANS- treasury bank notes to the amount of 12,149,104 MISSION OF POWER. pesos outstanding. It is worthy of notice that in 1893 the total debt was only 4,532,129 pesos. ETHNOLOGY. AND NICARAGUA. A Central American republic. The capital is Managua. AREA AND POPULATION. The area is estimated at 49,552 square miles. The estimated population is about 600,000, mainly Indians and mestizos. Persons of unmixed white race are few in number. The larger towns, with estimated population, are: León, 63,000; Managua, 40,000; Granada, 25,000; Matagalpa, 16,000; Masaya and Bluefields, 15,000 each. There have been reported 356 elementary schools and sev. eral institutions for secondary education. The prevailing form of religion is Roman Catholicism. INDUSTRIES. Agriculture is the principal in dustry, and the leading crops are coffee, bananas, and sugar-cane. The coffee yield in 1908 was about 14,000,000 pounds. For 1909 the yield was estimated at 16,800,000 pounds, but on account of the revolution hardly a third of the acreage was harvested, and the total yield probably did not exceed 4,000,000 pounds. So unsettled were political conditions in 1909 and 1910 that scarcely any trustworthy statistics of production or commerce were issued. In 1907 the sugar output, including the by-products molasses and spirits, was valued at $1,122,000. Cacao, tobacco, corn, and rubber are produced. The forests contain cabinet and other valuable woods. Numer. ous mineral deposits occur, but mining is largely restricted to gold. COMMERCE. Government statistics have not been published, but an estimate places the import and export values for 1909 at about $3,500,000 and $3,600,000 respectively, against about $3,452,000 and $4,500,000 in 1908, and $3,408,830 and $4,231,048 in 1906. Leading exports in 1906 were: Coffee, 19,378,216 pounds, valued at $1,375,679; bananas, 1,401,595 bunches, $700,069; gold bullion and amalgam, $870,969; rubber, $385,472; mahogany, $284,320. The United States has been first in both import and export trade, followed by Great Britain, Germany, and France. COMMUNICATIONS. A railway connects the Pacific port Corinto with León, Managua, Masaya, Granada (on Lake Nicaragua), and Diriamba, totalling 171 miles. Steamer traffic is carried on between Granada and San Juan del Norte, on the Caribbean coast at the mouth of the San Juan River. Reported telegraph wire mileage, 3637, with 130 offices; telephone, 805 miles; post-offices, 135. FINANCE. Revenue and expenditure, in thousands of paper pesos, are stated as follows: GOVERNMENT. The constitution of March 30, 1905, vests the executive authority in a president, elected by direct vote for six years and assisted by a responsible cabinet of five ministers. The congress is unicameral. In 1893 Gen. José Santos Zelaya made himself president in virtue of successful revolution. His position was legalized by the constitution of the following year. He served for the three four-year terms 1894-1906 and was re-elected for the term 190612. In 1909 there developed a revolution headed by Gen. Juan J. Estrada, who was declared provisional president in October and whose government was recognized by the United States on December 1. Zelaya resigned on December 16. The Zelaya faction, however, did not recognize Estrada, but declared José Madriz president, and civil war, between the followers of Estrada and of Madriz, continued in 1910 until late in August, when the revolutionists, as the Estrada party was called, captured Managua. On August 29, Estrada took charge of the govern ment as provisional president. A congress elected later in the year convened December 31 and on that date unanimously declared Juan J. Estrada president for two years. Adolfo Diaz was chosen vice-president. HISTORY. The revolutionary movement, which had kept the country in a turmoil during the closing months of 1909, resulted finally in the resignation of President Zelaya on December 16 of that year and the election in his place of Dr. José Madriz, Judge of the Central Court of Justice. Ex-President Zelaya took refuge in Mexico. Although it was generally believed that his overthrow was final he himself declared that he had given up his office only temporarily. One of the first acts of the de facto President, Dr. Madriz, was the acknowledgment that the execution of the two Americans, Cannon and Groce, by Zelaya's orders was illegal and that the anger of the United States at the affair was justified. War was continued after the resignation of Zelaya, the revolutionists adhering to their leader, General Estrada, and insisting that he should become President. They had been carrying on a successful campaign, defeating the government troops at Rama in December, and advancing by the middle of January far enough to threaten the capital, Managua. Estrada demanded the recognition of the revolutionists and the establishment of a provisional government under their direction. This President Madriz refused. The government troops and the revolutionists came into conflict on January 29, when the former were defeated. A few days later the insurgents captured Boaca, which is 60 miles distant from Managua. On February 4, however, President Madriz was successful at Santo Tomás, and later, on February 6, the leader of the government troops announced that he had defeated the insurgents and was about to occupy Boaca. There were conflicting reports as to which side was gaining ground during the next two weeks, but it was later learned that on February 22 the government forces had been completely victorious, defeating General Chamorro, who escaped with only a few followers. The number of killed and wounded was placed at 800. At that time it appeared that the only hope for the revolution was a guerrilla warfare which, however, might be kept up indefinitely. There was some fear of a division of Nicaragua into two republics, the eastern half being favorable to Estrada. Gradually, however, the prospects of the revolutionists improved. The fighting continued until August, when Madriz, finding his cause hopeless, fled to Corinto. General Estrada who was proclaimed President on August 22, reached the capital, Managua, on August 29, where he was warmly welcomed. He afterwards appointed a Cabinet from the Conservatives. Many members of the opposing party were arrested. The new President submitted to Washington in September a plan for establishing a stable government in Nicaragua. It proposed that a commissioner should be sent to Nicaragua with power to arrange a treaty for the settlement of American claims. NICHOLAS I. Crowned on August 28, 1910, the first king of Montenegro (see MONTENEGRO). He was born in 1841 in the village of Njegoš. He succeeded his uncle and predecessor, Prince Danilo as ruler of the principality in 1860, the latter having fallen at the hand of an assassin. Scarcely a year after his accession war broke out with the Turks, who were eager to avenge the defeats inflicted upon them by the Prince's father, Mirko, commonly called the "Sword of Montenegro," and in 1862 the troops of the Sultan entered the country at various points. Notwithstanding valiant defenses on the part of the Montenegrins the war proved disastrous and they were compelled to abandon the unequal struggle. Nicholas, who had received a good education, set himself resolutely, on the conclusion of peace, to amelioriate the condition of his people and improve their means of defense. With the aid of the Czar of Russia and Prince Michael of Servia he rearmed and reorganized his forces, introduced an educational system and bestowed a constitution under which he surrendered certain prerogatives to the Senate. In 1875 the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina revolted and in the following year Prince Nicholas, in alliance with King Milan of Servia, declared war against Turkey. The prince at the head of 11,000 men, invaded Herzegovina and gained a victory at Vochidol. The Servians, however, suffered reverses, and after four months an armistice was concluded. In the following spring Russia took the field and Prince Nicholas renewed the struggle with better prospects of success. In the campaign which followed he captured Nikšié, and then successively captured Antivari and Dulcigno. These successes realized the Montenegrin dream of reaching the Adriatic coast. Nicholas now proceeded to invest Skodra, but the conclusion of an armistice between Russia and Turkey put an end to the war The result of successes gained in this campaign was a great accession of territory by which the area of the principality was more than doubled. From that time peace has prevailed in Montenegro and Nicholas was enabled to carry out many of his projects for the moral and material regeneration of his country. On October 31, 1905, he announced to his people the gift of a free constitution with manhood suffrage, vote by ballot, a single chamber, and other provisions of an approved democratic type. He succeeded in having removed from the Berlin treaty the provisions which had entrusted to Austria-Hungary the administration of the mari time and sanitary police along the Montenegrin coast, and had closed the port of Antivari to the warships of all nations. On the anniversary of the fiftieth year of his accession, the Montenegrin Skupshtina voted him the title of King and thereby placed Montenegro among the kingdoms of Europe. The ceremonies in connection with the accession of Nicholas to the throne as King were attended by representatives of most of the countries of Europe. NICHOLSON, J. S. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. NICKEL. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS, MINERAL PRODUCTION. A NIGER, MILITARY TERRITORY OF THE. French territory in French West Africa (q. v.). Area, 1,300,000 square kilometres (501,200 square miles). Estimated population (1908), 1,053,157. Chief town, Niamey. Revenue in 1908, 1,624,746 francs (direct taxes, 1,115,174 francs; indirect taxes, 225,843; government subvention, 125,000; etc.); expenditure, 1,370,932. The administration is in the hands of the lieutenant-governor of Upper Senegal-Niger (q. v.). By the measures of Commandant Laverdure in Timbuktu and Commandant Mouret in Zinder, the pacification of these regions has progressed with notable results. NIGHTINGALE, FLORENCE. An English philanthropist and nurse, died August 14, 1910. She was born in Florence, Italy, in 1820, and she took her name from that city. She was the daughter of an English gentleman who, with his wife, was traveling in Italy. As a young girl she had access to many medical books in the extensive library of her father and these she read and studied, acquiring an unusual education. Before she was seventeen it is recorded of her that she was skilled in science, nursing and mathematics, had a wide acquaintance with standard literature, was a fair artist, a clever musician, and an excellent linguist, speaking French, German and Italian. When she was eighteen years of age she was taken to London to be presented at Court. There she met Elizabeth Frye, the famous reformer, who had done much for the betterment of conditions in English prisons. She became interested in the idea of hospital work and in the course of a tour of the Continent in the following year she inquired into hospital systems. She subsequently spent nine years in visiting continental countries and studied their nursing sisterhoods. In 1851 she enrolled herself as a voluntary nurse in the training home at Kaiserwerth in Germany. She later studied in the Paris hospital conducted by the Sisters of St. Vincent de Paul, but her health broke down and she was obliged to return to England. When she recovered her strength she went to work in a hospital which had been 66 NOBEL PRIZES languishing through need of proper management. Nobel. By this bequest the interest from a This she developed to a high state of efficiency. fund of $8,400,000 is to be distributed annually At the outbreak of the Crimean War, it was soon to those persons who shall have contributed found that there was as much need of nurses as most materially to benefit mankind during the of soldiers. Miss Nightingale volunteered to go year immediately preceding." The prizes are to the scene of war and she set out with a party distributed in accordance with statutes signed of thirty-four nurses to take up the work. At by King Oscar of Sweden on January 29, 1900. first she met opposition among the surgeons and The value of each prize is approximately $30,officers at the front, but by dint of perseverance 000. The prizes include work in physics, chemand the great good that she accomplished, she istry, medicine, literature and in the advancesoon conquered all the obstacles that were put in ment of peace. Prizes in science and literature her way. Her work in the Crimea had the great- are given at Stockholm and the prize for peace est possible influence on field hospitals, and on at Christiania on the anniversary of the death the treatment of the sick and wounded in all the of the founder on December 10, on nominations wars that have come since that time. At the submitted before the February 1 preceding. The close of the war she was received in England right to make nominations is bestowed upon with the greatest enthusiasm. She was pre- members of the Swedish academies, members of sented with a fund of $250,000 by the British corresponding academies of other countries, propeople and this she used to establish a school fessors holding proper chairs in Scandinavian for nurses in London. For several years she and certain foreign universities, recipients of was inactive on account of her slow recovery Nobel prizes, and other persons of distinction. from the cholera which she had caught at Prizes awarded since the foundation of the fund, Sebastopol. The effects of the strain of this cam- are given in the table below: paign never entirely left her. For many years she superintended this training school but retired from active life in the 80's. Her advice in regard to sanitary questions was eagerly sought, and she gave many useful suggestions to American nurses during the Civil War. Miss Nightingale had intimate friendship with many notable people of her day, including Lord Salisbury, Mr. Gladstone, Henry Ward Beecher, Canon Farrar and others. In 1907 she was gazetted as a recipient of the Order of Merit of British subjects who have won conspicuous distinction in the naval or military service or in letters, arts or science. She was the first woman to be so honored. In 1908 the freedom of the city of London was bestowed upon her. Only one other woman received this honor. the occasion of her 90th birthday she received a message of congratulation from King George. Miss Nightingale never married. Among her publications are: Notes on Hospitals (1859); Notes on Nursing (1860); Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India (1863); and Life or Death in India (1874). On NILE DREDGING. See DREDGING. NILES, WILLIAM HARMON. An American geologist and educator, died September 13, 1910. He was born in Northampton, Mass., in 1833. From 1862 to 1866 he was a student in comparative anatomy with Professor Louis Agassiz, and in the latter year graduated from the Lawrence Scientific School. This was followed by a year at the Sheffield Scientific School. From 1871 to 1892 he was professor of geology and geography at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After 1902 he was emeritus professor of geology. From 1888 to the time of his death he was professor and head of the department of geology at Wellesley College. For ten years Name. Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen H. A. Lorentz Pierre Curie Madame Marie Sklodowska Curie Albert A. Michelson. Ferdinand K. Braun. Jakobus H. van't Hoff.. Svante Arrhenius Medicine Emil Behring... Niels R. Finsen.. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Camillo Golgi Santiago Ramon y Cajal Theodor Kocher Albrecht Kossel. Armand Sully-Prudhomme. Theodor Mommsen Peace he was lecturer on natural science at the Massa- NITON. See CHEMISTRY. NOBEL PRIZES. A series of prizes provided for by the will of Dr. Alfred Bernhard Institute of International Law Theodore Roosevelt.. Ernesto T. Moneta K. F. Arnoldson M. F. Bajer d'Estournelies de Constant International Permanent Peace Bu reau.... Year Nationality 1901 German 1901 Dutch 1902 Dutch NOGUCHI, YONE. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. NOMINATION REFORM. There has been no appreciable diminution of interest in nomination reform, although there has been an increasing appreciation of the fact that primary reform is only a step towards the restoration of popular government. Yet the best primary act, as the Chicago Record-Herald has wisely pointed out, is only a tool. It is not a substitute for hard work and intelligence. For a while there was danger that some of the more zealous advocates of the new politics might regard nomination reform as a panacea for all our political ills and as effective in itself. To-day nomination reform is to the forefront in those States which have not yet secured a law authorizing direct nomination. In those States where the law has been established the aim is to perfect and extend it, not to destroy it. The general result of recent experience, however, seems to show that where the voters are alert and interested the direct primary will accomplish the purpose for which it was intended. Summarizing the report is a section of general observations with a marked bias against the direct primary principle, although the ad mission is made that there is a widespread and real demand for primary reform. To satisfy this the committee recommended the enactment of a bill providing: A uniform primary day not earlier than September 1. A joint primary election for all political par ties recognized by the general election law to be held at regular voting places presided over by regular election officers and governed so far as possible by election day regulations. A general Statewide enrollment of party voters to be made at the time of registration where personal registration is required, and on election day where registration is not required. An official primary ballot printed at State expense with delegates' names arranged thereon so a straight or split ticket may be voted. A direct vote at the primary to elect "party, county, town and ward committeemen." This phraseology implies a direct vote for State committeemen. The abolishment of all intermediate conventions for electing delegates to other conventions. The amendment of the corrupt practices act to include the primary elections. the extraordinary session that Colonel Roosevelt re-entered politics, sending to Chairman Griscom the following telegram: "During the last week great numbers of Republicans and of independent voters from all over the State have written me urging the pas sage of direct primary legislation. I have seen Governor Hughes and have learned your views from your representative. Governor Fort of New Jersey, in an address before the meeting of the House of Governors (q. v.) at Louisville in December, 1910, declared: "The direct primary is here to stay. It will soon extend to all the States. Popular movements never go backward." Every governor present with the Direct nominations were defeated in the reg exception of one indorsed this sentiment of Gov- ular session. Governor Hughes then called a ernor Fort's address. The discordant note came special session, but he was again defeated from Governor Draper of Massachusetts, who through a combination of the reactionary ele had been defeated for re-election. Governor ments in the Republican and Democratic parMcGovern of Wisconsin not only advocated a ties. It was in connection with this measure in direct primary, but declared that the "Wisconsin idea" will eventually become the law of every State. He said: “This is not a country of parties. Every voter should be allowed and encouraged to cast his ballot as he pleases. He should not be required to indicate in a primary election what party he favored. The future of this country rests with the independent voter, and he should be given all of the independence necessary. I don't think that it's any one's business whom I vote for, and it's none of my business whom my neighbor votes for." Governors Dineen and Hadley, who declared they were in favor of a direct primary for practically every office necessary for the conduct of State government, were of the opinion that Mr. McGovern went too far. They said a man should be proud to indicate his party affiliations and that the general primary law as practised in several States now was good enough. Both said they were party men and did not believe in allowing voters to "play horse" with candidates. Governors Marshall and Harmon, while making no public speeches, said they were in favor of the direct primary and believed it should extend to United States Senators. New York was in 1910 the seat of a hardfought campaign over direct nominations. A special legislative commission reported to the 1910 session. Testimony was taken before the committee at hearings in Boston, Philadelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburg, Topeka, Des Moines, Saint Paul, Madison, Milwaukee, Chicago, Indianapolis and Detroit. It filled some 3000 pages. This report takes up the testimony State by State, giving a brief digest of the direct primary legislation of each State, a summary or brief of the testimony taken in each State, followed by the committee's observations on success of the laws. "It seems to me that the Cobb bill, with the amendments proposed by you, meets the needs of the situation. I believe the people demand it. I most earnestly hope that it will be enacted into law." See NEW YORK. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin in July, 1910, declared the Wisconsin direct primary bill to be constitutional, and in December the Illinois Supreme Court declared by a vote of 4 to 3 the senatorial primary election law of that State constitutional. The Idaho law also received similar sanction in August. NORMAL SCHOOLS. See EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. NORRIS, G. W. See NEBRASKA, Politics and Government. NORTH CAROLINA. One of the South Atlantic Division of the United States. Its area is 52,426 square miles. Its capital is Raleigh. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 2,206,287, as compared with 1,893,810 in 1900, and 1,617,949 in 1890. The increase in the decade from 1900 to 1910 was 16.5 per cent. The State ranks sixteenth in point of population, whereas in 1900 it ranked fifteenth. The popu lation of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. MINERAL PRODUCTION. The most important of the mineral products of the State are clay NORTH CAROLINA products. These were valued in 1908, the latest year for which statistics are available, at $943,968, as compared with a value of the product in 1907 of $1,315,822. Next in point of value is stone, the product of which amounted to a value of about $800,000. Monazite and zircon are produced in considerable quantities. Other prodacts are tale, soapstone, lime, mineral waters and sand-lime brick. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of crops are given for 1909 and 1910 in the following table: Value $43,426,000 41,383,000 8,176,000 6,877,000 2,075,000 2,134,000 152,000 126,000 76,000 1,689,000 1,498,000 3,825,000 3,485,000 13,737,000 13,680,000 and Allegheny Railroad. Now a camp is maintained at Tar Heel. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT There was no meeting of the State legislature in 1910, as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1909. The next session begins January 4, 1911. CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The elections in November, 1910, were for minor State officers alone. The term of Governor Kitchin does not expire until January, 1913. The highest State official voted for was state auditor. The Democrats at their State Convention nominated W. P. Wood, while the Republicans nominated J. Q. A. Wood. Other nominations were for corporation commissioners, chief justice of the supreme court, associate justices of the supreme court and congressmen. The platform adopted by the Democratic Convention condemned and denounced the tariff policy of the Republican party as enacted in the 79.000 Payne-Aldrich tariff bill and declared it to be the most iniquitous tariff burden ever placed upon the United States. The Republican platform adopted by the convention of that party approved the administration of President Taft and congratulated him upon the Republican majorities in the Sixty-first Congress and the extraordinary number of wise measures enacted. The platform pledged allegiance to the Republican policy of protection and it commended the vigorous measures taken to conserve the national resources of the people. EDUCATION. The total school enrollment in the State in the year 1908-9, the latest for which statistics are available, was 521,202, while the total school population was 727,565. Of those enrolled 360,775 were white and 160,427 were colored. Of those enrolled 442,935 were in rural schools and 78,267 in city schools. The total number of teachers was 10,957, of whom 9370 were in rural schools and 1587 in city schools. The white teachers numbered 8129, and the colored teachers 2828. The average annual amount paid to each teacher in 1908-9 was $165.02. The total value of school property was $5,435,789. FINANCE. The report of the treasurer for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1910, showed a balance on December 1, 1909, of $123,830. The receipts for the year amounted to $6,386,857 and the total disbursements to $6,500,149, leaving a balance on November 30, 1910, of $10,539. The State debt amounted on December 1, 1910, to $7,239,550. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions under the control of the State, with their populations in 1910, are as follows: State Hospital at Morganton, 1500; State Hospital at Raleigh, 1009; Hospital at Goldsboro, 916; Dangerous Insane Department, 66; Epileptic Colony at Raleigh, 159; School for the White Blind, 215; School for the Colored Blind and Deaf, 213; School for the White Deaf, 282; Soldiers' Home, 167; Oxford Orphanage for White Children, 376; Oxford Orphanage for Colored Children, 205; Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School, 60; North Carolina Tuberculosis Sanatorium, 85. The greater number of the convicts of the State are in camps maintained by the counties. There were in these camps in 1910 1383 prisoners. In the State Prison at the end of the fiscal year there were 785 prisoners. The State maintains for these prisoners a camp near Elkin, where the convicts are employed on the Elkin As North Carolina is always strongly Democratic, Democratic nominations are ordinarily equivalent to an election. W. P. Wood, the Democratic candidate for state auditor, received 140,531 votes, as against 94,017 cast for J. Q. A. Wood, the Republican candidate. The other Democratic candidates were elected, including candidates for Congress. The Democratic majorities in most cases were large. STATE OFFICERS: Governor, W. W. Kitchin; Lieutenant-Governor, W. C. Newland; Secretary of State, J. B. Grimes; Treasurer, B. R. Lacy; Auditor, B. F. Dixon; Attorney-General, T. W. Bickett; Superintendent of Education, J. Y. Joyner; Commissioner of Agriculture, W. A. Graham; Commissioner of Insurance, J. R. Young; Adjutant-General, R. L. Leinster-all Democrats. SUPREME COURT. Chief Justice, Walter Clark, Democrat; Justices, Geo. H. Brown, Democrat; Wm. A. Hoke, Democrat; Wm. R. Allen, Democrat; P. D. Walker, Democrat; Thomas S. Kenan, Democrat. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Democrats, Senate, 43; House, 99; joint ballot, 142. Republicans, Senate, 7; House, 20; joint ballot, 27. Democratic majority, Senate, 36; House, 79; joint ballot, 115. NORTH DAKOTA. One of the West North Central Division of the United States. It has an area of 70,837 square miles. Its capital is Bismarck. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 577,056, as compared with 319,146 in 1900 and 190,983 in 1890. The increase in the decade 1900 to 1910 was 80.8 per cent. The State ranks thirty-seventh in point of population, whereas in 1900 it ranked fortieth. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. |