high New York prices were doubled, the house was completely sold out for every performance. While the artistic success was overwhelming, but expected, the financial success surpassed the most sanguine hopes, for a clear profit of $20,000 was realized. In the fall, during the regular season, Mary Garden and Nordica appeared with emphatic success in special performances of Salome and Tristan und Isolde, respectively. At the Opéra Comique Rousseau's Leone was only moderately successful; while Ganne's Hans le joueur de flute and Pierné's On ne badine pas avec l'amour proved good drawing cards. Bloch's Macbeth seems to mark the furthest step in the direction of cacophony and brutal realism. The general impression was summed up in the words of one critic: "This is musical barbarism." The director Carré also gave a historical cycle conducted by Hasselmans. Grétry's Richard, Cœur de Lion, Pergolese's La Serva Padrone and Méhul's Josef en Egypte were given so far, and met with extraordinary suc cess. Massenet's new opera Don Quichotte at its première at Monte Carlo was received with considerable enthusiasm. principals were of the first rank, the orchestra all the principals and such perfection_in_ the of one hundred players of unusual excellence, ensemble were a revelation to Paris. Perhaps the repertoire unique and remarkably varied. the greatest impression was produced by TosOn the opening night Strauss's Elektra was given canini's conducting without a score. Originally under Mr. Beecham. This was also the first fifteen performances had been announced, but on performance of the work in England. Later demand two more were added. Although the performances were conducted by the composer. As everywhere else the opera divided musical opinion. The other novelties of this brief season were Delius's Romeo and Juliet in the Village and Ethel Smythe's The Wreckers, both in English. There was also a revival of Sullivan's Ivanhoe. The second season was given in May and June, and was devoted to opéra comique in English. The novelties were Stanford's Shamus O'Brien, which scored a decided success, and Strauss's Feuersnot, which pleased more than Elektra. The third season began in October. The first novelty was D'Albert's Tiefland, a work that on this occasion again demonstrated its power to please. Leroux's Le Chimineau also proved a successful venture. The third novelty was again a sensation. It was Strauss's Salome (December 8). Considerable difficulty was encountered in overcoming the objections of the censor. At last it was agreed to omit the kissing of the head. Also the name of Jochanaan was stricken from the rôle, and Ein Prophet substituted. Curiosity was a large factor in drawing a crowded house at the première. At later performances the interest declined considerably. All in all Mr. Beecham in his first opera venture has established a record that is not likely to be equaled anywhere. The Moody. Manners Company gave the usual season of grand opera in English. As a novelty Debussy's L'Enfant prodigue was given and received with marked favor. One event of special interest which occurred at St. Petersburg must be recorded. While the rest of the musical world celebrated the Chopin centenary a year in advance, Russia observed the correct date, as established by recent researches. On February 22 a special concert was given, at which Josef Hofmann played both Chopin concertos. Liapunoff had specially com posed a symphonic poem on themes from Chopin's Berceuse and the folk-tune which Chopin used in his A-minor mazourka. Balakireff contributed a suite written upon themes from Chopin's works. MUSICAL EDUCATION. See UNIVERSI- MUSICAL FESTIVALS. See MUSIC. TION. MUTUAL INSURANCE. See INSURANCE. MYERS, G. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. NABUCO, JOAQUIM. Brazilian Ambassador FRANCE. The past year developed a perfect rage for historical cycles. The impetus seems to have been given by Bach's works, with which the general public is only now becoming ac quainted. In fact, the first important event of the year was the first performance at Paris of Bach's Easter Cantata under Messager. The Société Musicale gave eight historical concerts, at each of which an entire musical epoch was represented. Two concerts devoted, one to the older, the other to modern British composers, illustrated by explanatory lectures by M. Calvocoressi, were given by the British Concert Society. Albert Carré gave a series of Saturday matinées showing the development of music beginning with the Trouvères songs of the 12th and 13th centuries. The Concerts Colonne to the United States, died January 17, 1910. He (founded 1873) celebrated their one thousandth concert with a programme devoted to Beethoven. Pierné conducted the Ninth Symphony, and Kreisler played the violin concerto. At the last Colonne concert Gustav Mahler conducted his Second Symphony. His art and personality carried the audience by storm. The Sunday concerts throughout the year were dominated by Wagner. Fashion has succeeded in banishing the master from the opera, but the public demands his music. A new society, La Société Musicale Indépendante, with Fauré as president, was founded for the purpose of producing works by unknown young composers of talent. Dukas and Ravel are also actively interested. The first concert occurred April 20. The operatic event of the year was the appearance at the Grand Opéra of the entire company of the Metropolitan Opera House of New York. It was admitted that such excellence in was born in Recife, Brazil, in 1849. He was a son of the late Senator Nabuco, chief of the Liberal party in Brazil during the period of Dom Pedro's second reign. He studied at the University of Brazil and received a degree from the faculty of law in 1871. In 1876 he was appointed attaché to the Brazilian Legation in Washington. On the death of his father in 1878 he was elected to Parliament and for years devoted himself to the cause of the abolition of slavery. He visited several foreign countries and went to ome in 1888 to obtain the support of the Pope in the abolition of slavery. He was closely identified with the imperial dynasty and in 1889 when the republic was proclaimed he kept apart from the general movement which led the old monarchical parties to accept the new régime. During this period he wrote several books one of which is a constitutional history of the reign of Dom Pedro II. Losing hope in the restoration of the monarchy in Brazil he reconciled himself to the new order and in 1899 accepted an invitation from the republican government to take charge of the settlement of the boundary question between Brazil and Great Britain. In 1901 he was appointed Brazilian Minister to England. On the settlement of the boundary question he was selected in 1905 as Ambassador to the United States and held that position until the time of his death. He was president of the 3d international conference at Rio de Janeiro, and in 1906 was a member of The Hague permanent court of arbitration, of the Brazilian Academy of Letters and several other societies. He was perhaps the most prominent among the LatinAmerican diplomats and was highly esteemed by President Taft. NATAL. A province (since May 31, 1910) of the Union of South Africa (q. v.); formerly a British colony. Provincial capital, Pietermaritzburg. area, esti NATIONAL BANKS Leading imports (1908): haberdashery, etc., £605,012; machinery, £569,284; clothing, £331,831; cottons, £323,873; cereals, £320,720; hardware, etc., £286,781; liquors, £168,523. Exports: Bar gold from overland, £1,002,407; coal (bunker and cargo), £714,670; wool, £659,480; hides and skins, £145,897; barks, £133,509; angora hair, etc., £47,375. Length of railways open (1908), 976 miles, all government owned. Telegraph lines, 1976 miles; wires, 6909; telephone lines, 186; wires, 2146; telegraph offices, 212; post-offices, 387. Vessels entered, 972, of 2,507,186 tons; cleared, 971, of 2,510,898. GOVERNMENT. The province is administered by an administrator (1910, C. T. Smythe), aided by a provincial council, elected for three years. There is an executive committee of four members. ZULULAND (10,461 square miles) and the NORTHERN DISTRICTS territory (6931 square miles) are annexed to Natal. AREA, POPULATION, ETC. Total The Prime Minister, Mr. Moor, opened his mated at 35,371 square miles. Total popula- political campaign by announcing squarely a tion (1904), 1,108,754 (whites, 97,109); esti- non-party, non-racial policy as to the Union. mated December 31, 1908, 1,206,386 (whites, The Union ought to protect every industry that exclusive of military, 91,443). Pietermaritz- was established in South Africa. Its ideals burg had (estimate December 31, 1908) 31,230 should be a coöperation for making South Africa inhabitants; Durban (Port Natal), 60,244. a white man's country. See SOUTH AFRICAN European pupils in government and inspected UNION. schools (1908), 12,437; schools for natives, 168, with 14,056 pupils; schools for East Indians, 26, with 2411 pupils. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN. See DESIGN, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF. NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. See SCIENCES, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF. PRODUCTION. Of the total area of Natal, 2,436,886 acres have been reserved for native NATIONAL BANKS. On September 1, occupation; about 6,200,000 have been acquired 1910, there were in the United States 7173 by Europeans, 112,000 by natives, and 13,500 national banks with aggregate resources of by Indians; 170,000 have been reserved for $9,826,181,000. Among these resources were: townships; 1,950,000 are in process of aliena- loans and discounts, $5,467,160,000; United tion; and 1,127,614 remain unalienated. Area States bonds to secure circulation and United under cultivation by Europeans, 390,209 acres; States deposits, $726,550,000; other bonds and by natives, 460,000; by Indians, 35,000; total, securities, $879,000,000; banking property, 885,209. Area (European) under staple crops $213,769,000; due from other banks and reserve in 1908: 139,414 acres under corn, yield 132,- agents, $1,214,916,000; gold and gold certifi 854,100 lbs.; sugar-cane, 14,627 acres, 71,664,- cates, $442,974,000; other cash items, $193,000 lbs.; kaffir corn, 6486 acres, 5,356,400 lbs.; 58,000. Among the liabilities were: capital tea, 5502 acres, 3,278,464 lbs. Potatoes, beans, stock, $1,002,735,000; surplus, $648,268,000; tobacco, and cotton are grown. There are under undivided profits, $225,769,000; circulation outorchards, 35,912 acres. Stock-raising is carried standing, $674,821,000; individual deposits, on in the highlands. Livestock (1908): 32,177 $5,145,658,000; due to other banks, $1,906,044,horses, 220,413 cattle, 765,377 sheep, 68,427 000. About ninety-two per cent. of the United goats, 25,677 swine. The African coast fever States bonds represented deposits to secure has killed off great numbers of cattle in circulation. Among other bonds were included recent years. There are great forests of valu- State, county and municipal bonds, $187,474,able timber. There are extensive coal fields, 000; railroad bonds, $289,634,000; and other yielding (1908) 1,669,774 tons valued at public-service corporation bonds $161,061,000. £737,170. Of this output 553,157 tons were The loans, which represented about fifty-five exported, 710,777 bunkered, 254,166 consumed per cent. of the total assets, were divided as by the railways. Other minerals are asoestos, follows: on demand, secured by one- or twocopper, fireclay, gold, graphite, gypsum, iron, name paper, 9.6 per cent.; on demand, secured manganese, etc. Phosphate deposits have been by stocks and bonds, 17.2 per cent.; on time, found. secured by two or more name paper, 33.7 per cent.; on time, secured by single name paper only, 19.5 per cent.; on time secured by stocks, bonds, or mortgages, 20.0 per cent. Almost one-fifth of all the loans were made by New York City banks, and 26.16 per cent. by the banks of New York, Chicago, and St. Louis. National banks received an average of 7.33 per cent. on time loans and 7 per cent. on demand loans. They paid an average of 2.35 per cent. interest on deposits subject to check; and 3.56 per cent. on savings deposits. The total of such interest for the year was $53,175,000. COMMERCE, FINANCE, ETC. Commercial and financial totals are given for three years below, trade for calendar years and financial statistics for fiscal years ending June 30: Imports 1906 1907 1908 £9.705,256 £ 8.704,222 £7.903,412 Exports 10,405,707 Revenue. 3,665,089 Expenditure. 3,673,972 Debt 19,484,143 10,049,132 3.471,932 3,681,914 20,760,992 9,622,474 3,510,350 3,689.752 21,135,534 For the fiscal year ended June 30, 1910, there were 9 national bank failures, with liabilities of $9,111,000 and assets of $8,170,000. The liabilities were nearly three times those of the fiscal year 1909 but only 21 per cent. of those of 1908. The comptroller stated in his annual report that failures "have been almost wholly due to incompetent or reckless management and persistent violations of the banking law." He said, "It is the present comptroller's earnest purpose to get out of the national banking system every bank which is managed in such a careless, reckless, speculative or incompetent manner as to endanger the safety of its depositors." See BANKS AND BANKING. Since the panic of 1907 when New York City not be authorized to develop savings-bank acbanks were found to be about $25,000,000 short tivities and the special work now controlled by of the required legal reserve against deposits, trust companies. He pointed out that these especial interest was attached to the reserve latter compete with national banks, but suffer of national banks. The reserve law was from no competition by national banks. changed on May 30, 1908. In determining the deposits against which reserve must be held there is first ascertained the net balance due to other banks; to this is added dividends unpaid, individual deposits, and deposits of the United States disbursing officers. From this total are deducted the following: checks on other banks in the same place, exchanges for the clearing house, bills of other national banks, and the amount due from the treasurer of the United States. Central city banks must have on hand twenty-five per cent. of the remainder in legal money; banks in other reserve cities must have at least 122 per cent. on hand and not more than 122 per cent. with central reserve banks; banks elsewhere must have a fifteen per cent. reserve, of which at least two-fifths must be cash on hand. In any case the redemption fund deposited with the treasurer of the United States, amounting to five per cent. of the outstanding circulation, is credited as a part of the reserve. Taking national banks as a whole the lawful money reserve against the more than five billions of deposits was between 21.21 per cent. and 21.6 per cent. during the year. Of this 13.4 per cent. was cash in bank, 7.04 per cent. funds held by reserve agents, and the small remainder equalled the redemption fund. All grades of banks held more than the legal reserve at the time of all six calls for returns by the comptroller, except that central reserve city (New York, Chicago and St. Louis) banks were slightly below during the early months. One of the newer policies of the comptroller is to prevent such violations of the national banking law. The Comptroller of the Currency, Lawrence O. Murray, continued his policy of introducing а stricter examination of national banks. During the summer, schools of instruction for bank inspectors and examiners were held. The comptroller continued to urge the examiners to a more faithful performance of their duties. He stated that while most of them succeeded in having irregularities in banking practices quickly corrected, some did so very slowly or not at all. On September 7, he ordered the transfer of twenty bank examiners, or one-fifth of the total number, to new fields. This transfer had been preceded by only a few days by an unexpected call for statements from national banks. The reason given for this unexpected call was that heretofore statements have been asked for so regularly that bank officials could prepare for them. These policies indicated the intention of the Comptroller to bring about a much closer responsibility of the banks to the Treasury Department. In his annual report Secretary of the Treasury MacVeagh recommended a law permitting national banks to establish branches in foreign countries. The object of this is to facilitate the international exchanges of American merchants and to increase American commercial independence. He also pointed out that national banks do not compete equally with State banks and trust companies on account of the legal limitations of their loaning power and functions. He could see no reason why national banks should NATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE REFORM LEAGUE. See CIVIL SERVICE. NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CATHOLIC CHARITIES. See CHARITY. NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF JEWISH CHARITIES. See CHARITY. NATIONAL CONGREGATIONAL COUN- NATIONAL CONSERVATION ASSO NATIONAL COUNCIL. See CONGREGA TIONALISTS. EX NATIONAL EDUCATION SOCIETY. See BRITAIN; INDIA, BRITISH; EGYPT. au NATIONAL MONETARY COMMISSION. This commission of nine Senators and nine Representatives, under the chairmanship of Senator Aldrich of Rhode Island, was thorized by the Aldrich-Vreeland Emergency Currency Act of 1908. It engaged a great corps of experts to carry on special investigations into the banking and currency history of all advanced countries. Besides the publication of these reports, which constitute a most valuable library on banking and currency, the commis sion did very little to advance the cause of monetary reform during the year. For statement by Senator Aldrich see article on CENTRAL BANK. This dilatoriness was the cause of some criticism both of the policy and the sincerity of the commission. The following is a partial list of the publica. tions of the commission, the authors including American and foreign experts: Interviews on the banking and currency systems of England, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Italy (541 pp.); Statistics of Great Britain, Germany, and France, 1867-1908 (354 pp.); The credit of nations and the trade balance of the United States (213 pp); Fiscal systems of England, France, Germany, and the United States (86 pp.); Notes on the postal savingsbank systems of the leading countries (123 pp.); The discount system of Europe (46 pp.); Bank acceptances (20 pp.); Statistics of the United States (280 pp.); Special report from the banks of the United States (90 pp.); Laws of |