he was appointed by his successor associate justice of the State Supreme Court. In 1892, when the Democratic party of the State was divided over the question of the renewal of the charter to the Louisiana lottery, Mr. McEnery accepted the nomination for governor of the pro-lottery party. In the election which followed he was defeated. In 1896, as the result of the combination between the Populists and the Republicans, the vote for governor was in dispute, and the combination forces controlled the legislature and had the power to elect a United States Senator. The Democrats urged McEnery to become a candidate and he accepted the nomination, although it was well known that he was a protectionist and that he differed from his party on many political issues. In spite of this he was elected on the understanding that no effort would be made to change his views. His vote in the Senate was almost consistently in favor of protection when questions on the tariff were involved, and this attitude, especially in the revision of 1909, brought him much criticism. The fact was lost sight of that he was well known as a protectionist, and that his vote was only in accordance with his principles. He was re-elected in 1902 and again in 1908 without opposition. Senator McEnery was not often heard in the Senate, but he was a great power in the politics of Louisiana. MCGILL UNIVERSITY. An institution of higher learning at Montreal, Canada, founded in 1821. In 1910-11 the number of students was 2012. The student enrollment was divided as follows: In the college of arts, McGill College, 657; students in applied science, 592; students în medicine, 327, students in graduate school, 86; students in Macdonald College, 329. There were no notable changes in the faculty during the year, nor were any considerable benefactions received. A new building for the medical school was occupied at the beginning of 1910. The principal is W. Peterson. MCGRATH, HAROLD. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Fiction. MCGRUDER, BENJAMIN DRAKE. An American jurist, died April 21, 1910. He was born in 1838 and graduated from Yale College in 1856. He was one of the most influential members of the Illinois bar and was at one time justice of the supreme court of the State. He spent nearly his entire life in Chicago. MCGUM, FLORENCE. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. MACHINERY. See articles in mechanical engineering. MacKAIL, J. W. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Essays and Literary Criticism. MCKENNA, REGINALD. See GREAT BRITAIN. MacKENZIE, W. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. MacLAGAN, WILLIAM DALRYMPLE. An English prelate, Archbishop of York 1891 to 1909, died Sept. 19, 1910. He was born at Edinburgh in 1826 and was educated in the schools of Edinburgh and at Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1856. From 1847 to 1852 he served in the Indian army. He retired and was ordained deacon in 1856 and priest in 1857. In 1869 he was appointed rector of Newington, and in 1875 vicar of Kensington. He was appointed bishop of Lichfield in 1878 and in 1891 made Archbishop of York. Among his published writings is a volume of Pastoral Letters and Sy MADAGASCAR nodal Charges (1891). He was joint editor of the Church and the Age, 2 volumes (1870). MCLAREN, ALEXANDER. An English minister, died May 5, 1910. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1826, and was educated at the Glasgow High School and Glasgow University. From 1846 to 1858 he was minister of Portland Chapel, Southampton. In the latter year he became minister of Union Chapel, Manchester, and he continued in this pastorate until the time of his death. Among his publications were sevcral volumes of sermons, A Spring Holiday in Italy, The Life of David as Reflected in his Psalms, and contributions on Colossians and the Psalms in the Expositor's Bible. MacLAUGHLIN, J. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. J MacLEAN, A. M. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Political and Social Science. MacLEOD, FIONA. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. MCMASTER, J. B. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, History. An MacNAUGHTON, MYRA (KELLY). American author and educator, died March 30, 1910. She was born in Dublin, Ireland, and came with her parents to the United States at an early age. She was educated at the Horace Mann School, New York, and at Teachers College, Columbia University. She graduated from the latter institution with a diploma as teacher of manual training in 1899. She at once began teaching in the public schools of New York City. Her work brought her in touch with the foreign population on the East Side of New York, and from these surroundings she gathered material from which she began to write sketches. These were eagerly accepted by magazine editors as being remarkable for their originality and freshness. In 1905 she married Allan MacNaughton. Among her published books were Little Citizens (1904); Isle of Dreams (1907); Wards of Liberty (1907); Golden Season (1910); Little Aliens (1910); New Faces (1910). MCNEIL, Sir JOHN. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Biography. MacQUEEN, P. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. MacVEAGH, FRANKLIN. STATES, Cabinet. See UNITED McVICKAR, WILLIAM NEILSON. An American Protestant Episcopal bishop, died June 28, 1910. He was born in New York City in 1843 and graduated from Columbia College in 1865, and from the General Theological Seminary in 1868. In the same year he was ordained, becoming rector of Holy Trinity Church in Harlem, a position which he filled for seven years. In 1875 he received a call from Holy Trinity Church in Philadelphia, of which parish he was rector for twenty-two years, when, in 1897, he was chosen bishop coadjutor of Rhode Island. Upon the death of Bishop Clark in 1893 he became bishop of that diocese. While serving as rector in Philadelphia and New York he attended several general conventions of his church. He had the degree of Doctor of Divinity from several colleges and universities, and the degree of LL. D. from Brown University. MADAGASCAR. An island (one of the largest in the world) off the southeastern coast of Africa; a French colony. narivo (Tananarvie). Capital, Antana AREA, POPULATION, ETC. Estimated area, 228,000 sq. miles; population (Jan. 1, 1908), 2,706,661 (French, 7606; other Europeans, 2088). Of the Malagasy tribes, the Hova, the dominant tribe, number 847,480; the Betsileo, 408,024; the Betsimisaraka, 288,159. Antananarivo has 72,000 inhabitants; Fianarantsoa, 27,000; Tamatave, the chief eastern port, 7026; Majunga, the port of the northwest coast, 4600. Primary education and the acquisition of the French tongue are compulsory. Schools (1907): 4 infant (5 teachers, 207 pupils), 22 primary (36 and 761); all for Europeans. For natives: 690 primary (1329 teachers, 56,017 pupils), 14 professional (49 and 412), one administrative (5 and 116), 15 normal (64 and 1008). Christianized natives: 450,000 Protestants, 50,000 Catholics. PRODUCTION, COMMERCE, ETC. The principal industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. Under cultivation by Europeans (1906), 339, 279 hectares. In the lowlands, rice, manioc, sugar cane, tobacco, hemp, cotton, vanilla, tea, and coffee are successfully grown; rubber and gum-copal are indigenous, and there is a wealth of timber. Livestock (1906): 2,860,384 cattle, 1950 horses, asses, and mules; 264,083 sheep, 63,367 goats, and 479,116 swine. Gold reefs have been found in different parts of the island, and other minerals abound; 1099 prospecting permits are recorded to end of 1904, held by 317 persons (64 British); in 1907, 343 concessions, covering 210,563 hectares, were worked. Sericulture is encouraged; silk and cotton weaving and the manufacture of raphia fabrics are carried on. The trade for three years is given below in francs: MADISON, Rep. EDMOND H. See UNITED STATES, Congress, and KANSAS. MAETERLINCK, MAURICE. See DRAMA, AND LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Poetry and Drama. MAGDEBURG CONGRESS. See So CIALISM. MAGNESIUM. See ATOMIC WEIGHTS. MAGNETIC RAYS. See PHYSICS. MAGNETIC SURVEYS. See TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL. See TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISMI MAHLER, GUSTAV. See MUSIC. MAIL SUBSIDIES. See SHIPPING SUBSIDIES and UNITED STATES, Post-Office. MAINE. One of the North Atlantic Division of the United States. It has an area of 33,400 square miles Its capital is Augusta. POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910 according to the Thirteenth Census was 742,371 as compared with 694,466 in 1900 and 661,086 in 1890. The increase in the decade 1900 to 1910 was 6.9 per cent. The State ranks thirty-fourth among the States in point of population, whereas in 1900 it ranked thirty-first. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article UNITED STATES CENSUS. AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of the principal crops in 1909-10 are shown in the following table: Vessels entered (1908), 7248, of 1,430,763 tons (French, 1,289,016); cleared, 7265, of 1,441,793 tons. The railway from Brickaville on the coast to the capital (170 miles) was completed and open for traffic Oct. 1, 1909. A line from Tamatave runs to Ivondra (7 miles), whence a canal connects with Brickaville. Telegraph lines (1909), 3620 miles; telephone lines, about 130. Roads are almost unknown. FINANCE AND GOVERNMENT. The estimated revenue and expenditure balanced (1908) at 32,091,610 francs; French subvention, entirely for military purposes, 15,584,231 in 1909. Debt, Jan. 1, 1907, 101,390,000 francs. Troops (1908), 3723 Europeans, 8254 natives. The local budget provides for the maintenance of police and militia. A governor-general (1910, M. Picquié) administers the colony, aided by a consultative council. Nineteen provinces are under civil and five territories under military administration. The colony is not represented in the home government, and there is no elective assembly. Diégo-Suarez, and the islands of Nossi Bé and Ste. Marie are administered by the governorgeneral of Madagascar. MADEIRA, P. C. See LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN, Travel and Description. MADERO, FRANCISCO L. See MEXICO, His tory. 1909. Hay,1910. 1909.. a Tons. 127,000 27.940,000a 11,735,000 130,000 29,250,000 13,748,000 1,400,000 1,750,000a 22,400,000 1,400,000 1,330,000 19,551,000 MINERAL PRODUCTION. The State takes high rank in the value and output of its stone products, especially in granite, although there is also a small production of limestone. In the production of granite the State ranks second, being surpassed only by Vermont. The value of the production in 1908, the latest year for which statistics are available, was $2,027,508. The State ranks high also in the production of slate. It has long been conspicuous among the States in the production and value of its mineral waters. There were produced in 1908 1,182,322 gallons, valued at $414,300. The State ranks fifth among the States in the quantity and value of lime burned. Other important mineral products are clay products, feldspar, and small quantities of copper, precious stones and gravel. CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State include the Maine State Prison at Thomaston, the Maine Insane Hospital, the Eastern Maine Insane Hospital, the Maine Industrial School for Girls at Hallowell, and the State School for Boys at South Portland. In May, 1909, a new State Home for Feeble-minded was opened in Cumberland county. The feeble-minded of the State will be segregated here instead of, as hitherto, being supported by the State in the localities where a surprise even to those who had forecasted they have residence. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT There was no meeting of the State legislature in 1910, as the sessions are biennial, and the last was held in 1909. The next session begins January 5, 1911. CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The State and national elections in Maine are always of national interest, because they are held nearly two months earlier than the November elections, common to most of the States, and are held to be an indication as to the general trend of po. litical conditions. Aside from this, the elections of 1910 were of unusual interest on account of the local issues involving the fact that a United States Senator was to be chosen by the next legislature to succeed Senator Hale, who, on April 19, announced that he would not be a candidate for re-election. Although Maine is not reckoned as one of the insurgent or progressive States, there has long been opposition to Senator Hale on account of his conservative attitude on many public questions, and it was seriously debated whether he would have been elected for another term, even if he had not withdrawn and the State had elected a Republican legislature. Several strong candidates were in the field against him, and it was charged by his political opponents that he saw the hopelessness of accepting another term in the Senate and accordingly withdrew his name. The local situation was complicated with opposition to the Republican machine of the State and division in the Republican party as to its attitude in regard to the Prohibition law. The Republican State Convention met on June 29 at Augusta. Governor Fernald was renominated by acclamation. The platform adopted by the convention endorsed the administration of President Taft as wise, progressive and safe, and commended it for continuing the energetic, efficient, wise and necessary policies of President Roosevelt's administration. A plank was included praising the Payne-Aldrich tariff law, although in moderate terms, and favoring the ratification by the United States legislature of an amendment to the Federal Constitution relative to the income tax. The platform declared emphatically in favor of Prohibition and for a vigorous and honest enforcement of the prohibitory laws. It urged also the enactment of such direct primary and other laws as may properly regulate the conduct of all caucuses to secure the honest and free expression of the popular will therein. The Democratic State convention met on June 15 and nominated Frederick W. Plaisted governor, and adopted a platform which included planks favoring the election of United States Senators by the people, the enactment of a corrupt practices law, the repeal of the so-called Sturgis enforcement law, and the resubmission of the prohibitory liquor law to the people. Mr. Plaisted is the son of Harris M. Plaisted, who was the last Democratic governor elected in the State thirty years ago: The campaign which followed the conventions was a spirited one. Many national figures in the Republican and Democratic parties made speeches in the State. The result of the election on September 12 was Democratic success. Mr. Plaisted was elected governor by a majority of about 8000. The Democrats also carried the legislature and therefore will elect a United States Senator to succeed Senator Hale. Two of the Republican candidates for Congress were defeated and two were elected. The defeated candidates were Congressman John P. Swasey of Canton, who was defeated for re-election by Daniel J. McGillicuddy of Lewiston, and Edwin C. Burleigh of Augusta, who was defeated for re-election by Samuel W. Gould of Skowhegan. The successful Republican candidates were Frank E. Guernsey of Dover and Asher C. Hinds of Portland, who for many years has been paliamentarian of the House of Representatives and was probably the most eminent parliamentarian in the country. Mr. Hinds was elected from the district which was formerly represented by Thomas B. Reed. The election also seated a legislature which will abolish the so-called Sturgis law for the better enforcement of the laws against the illegal sale of intoxicating liquors, and which will probably resubmit to the people the constitutional amendment relative to the prohibitory law. STATE OFFICERS. Governor, Frederick W. Plaisted; Secretary of State, A. I. Brown; Treasurer, P. P. Gilmore; Adjutant-General, Elliot C. Dill; Auditor, Lamont A. Stevens; Attorney-General, Warren C. Philbrook; Superintendent of Education, Payson Smith; Insurance Commissioner, Beecher Putnam; Commissioner of Agriculture, A. W. Gilman; Commissioner of Public Lands, E. E. Ring-all Republicans, except Plaisted and Stevens, Democrats. JUDICIARY. Supreme Judicial Court, Chief Justice, L. A. Emery; Associate Justices, L. C. Cornish, Albert M. Spear, W. P. Whitehouse, G. E. Bird, Albert R. Savage, A. W. King, and Henry C. Peabody-all Republicans except Bird; Clerks, C. F. Sweet, C. W. Jones, L. Barton— all Republicans except Barton. STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Republicans, Senate, 9; House, 65; joint ballot, 74; Democrats, Senate, 22; House, 86; joint ballot, 108; Democratic majority, Senate, 13; House, 21; joint ballot, 34. MAINE, RAISING OF THE. For uncovering the wreck of the former U. S. Battleship Maine in Havana harbor, and removing any remaining bodies of the crew and disposing of the ship, $300,000 was appropriated by Congress. To do this work the Army engineers to whom it was entrusted developed a plan to provide a wall of water-tight cofferdams entirely around the wreck, so that the water could be pumped out from the enclosed space and the hull left open to inspection after the mud had been sufficiently removed. It was proposed to employ interlocking sheet steel piling formed into a cylindrical caisson which could be driven through the mud until the hard clay bottom about 70 feet below mean water level was reached. The cofferdam wall surrounding the chip will be filled with clay in order to afford sufficient stability and prevent the cofferdams being overturned after the water has been pumped out from the enclosed space. It was proposed to use centrifugal pumps to remove the water, and also a large portion of the mud. It was estimated by Col. William M. Black, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., that the unwater ing and exposure of the hull would cost $225,000. Operations were begun toward the end of the year 1910, and were expected to occupy three or four months. £79,115. Military forces, about 8000 officers and men. Malta is the headquarters and the chief coaling station of the Mediterranean fleet, and is strongly fortified. Governor and commanderin-chief (1910), General Sir H. L. M. Rundle. seed, 4216; cotton, 181,191 lbs.; onions, 3820 tons; citrus fruits, 264,000 dozens. Livestock (1909): horses, asses and mules, 9762; cattle, 6570; sheep, 17,485; goats, 18,415; swine, 4184. MAINE, UNIVERSITY OF. An institution of Imports and exports for year ending March 31, higher learning at Orono, Maine, founded in 1910, £1,172,180 and £113,127 respectively. 1865. It is under the control of the State. There is a large transit trade. Tonnage of vesThe enrollment in all departments in 1910-11 sels entered and cleared, 7,432,691. Length of was 339, distributed as follows: Graduate stu- railways, 71⁄2 miles; telegraphs, none; telephone, dents, 13; College of Arts and Sciences, includ- 742 public, 181⁄2 military (open to the public). ing summer term, 182; College of Agriculture, Revenue (1909-10), £436,200 (customs dues, 135; College of Technology, 329; College of £243,354); expenditure, £458,013; public debt, Pharmacy, 18; College of Law, 102; Short Winter Courses, 60. The faculty numbered 91. The President, George Emory Fellows, resigned in July, 1910, after having served from 1902. He ceased active connection with the University in September, 1910. Dr. James N. Hart served as acting-president until December 1, when Robert Judson Aley, Ph. D., assumed his duties as President of the University. Among the new appointments to the faculty in the year 1910-11 were the following: Leon Stephen Merrill, M. D., director of extension work in agriculture; John Manvers Briscoe, professor of forestry; Edgar Raine Wingard, director of physical culture and athletics. Gordon Edwin Tower, professor of forestry, resigned at the end of the college year 1909-10. During 1910 a new dormitory was erected on the campus of the university. The income from all sources for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1910, was $237,109. MALARIA. Dr. L. O. Howard, of the Bureau of Entomology, reported to the Department of Agriculture, on his return from the Italian Campagna, that as the result of the war on mosquitoes in certain parts of Italy, a healthy, cheerful looking race, and fat, rosy children have replaced the miserable peasants, with yellow skins and bodies bent with disease and suffering. The Campagna, which in former times was almost uninhabitable on account of the mosquitoes and malaria, has been drained by the government and turned into farming land, and, it is believed, will eventually support a large number of people. The government also furnishes quinine at a cheap rate to the malarial population of the country, and gives the drug free to those unable to buy it. A new journal, devoted to work and news bearing on malaria, has been founded by the Italian Antimalaria League. It is called Malaria e Malattie Affini, and is published in Rome, via Farini, 62. MALAY STATES. See FEDERATED MALAY STATES; KELANTAN; KEDAH; PERLIS; JOHORE. MALINOFF, M. See BULGARIA. MALTA. An island in the Mediterranean; a British crown colony. Area, 91.6 square miles. The islands of Gozo (244 square miles) and Comino, with several islets, belong to the colony; total area of colony, 117 square miles. Total population (1909), 215,879; population of Valletta (the capital), 22,768; of Cospicua, 12,148; of Senglea, 8093. There were (1909) 190 primary schools, with 25,782 pupils; 2 secondary, with 307; one lyceum, with 594 students, and one university with 165. Area cultivated (1909), 41,037 acres; number of holdings, 11,000. Area under wheat, barley, and mischiato, 13,465 acres; potatoes, 3409; cummin seed, 1825; cotton, 793; onions, 653. Yield: wheat, 18,518 quarters of 8 bushels each; barley, 8547; mischiato, 4694; potatoes, 199,460 cwts.; cummin MALTA FEVER. See TROPICAL DISEASES. MAMMALS, FOSSIL. See GEOLOGY. MANCHURIA. A Chinese dependency, lying east of Mongolia and Chili and between Korea and the Amur River. Capital, Mukden. Estimated area, 363,610 square miles. Most varying estimates are given for the number of inhabitants, ranging from less than 6,000,000 to 22,000,000. One estimate by provinces is: Feng-tien, or Shenking (56,000 square miles), 10,312,000; Kirin (105,000 square miles), 6,000,000; Helungkiang, or the Amur Province (203,000 square miles), 1,500,000. An official Chinese estimate is 16,000,000. The results of a later official investigation, made public about January 1, 1910, show 803,390 houses in Fengtion and 736,480 in Kirin, indicating populations of about 4,400,000 and 4,050,000 respectively. On this basis the total population of Manchuria appears to be within 10,000,000. In June, 1910, the number of Japanese settlers, exclusive of about 30,000 in Kwantung (q. v.), was reported at 24,996; also in 1910 a considerable immigration from China proper was reported, occasioned chiefly by a scarcity of agricultural labor. At the end of the year there was an appalling outbreak of bubonic plague extending from Kharbin to Mukden. The principal cities, with approximate population, are: Mukden, over 158,000; Changchun, 80,000; Ying-tse (sometimes called Newchwang, at the mouth of the Liao River), 60,000; Newchwang (30 miles up the Liao), 50,000; Liaoyang, 40,000; Tsitestkhar, 30,000. Northern Manchuria is in the Russian sphere of influence, and Southern in the Japanese. Reliable figures for production, etc., are not available, but an official Chinese report of 1908 stated that in Feng-tien, the most southerly and the best developed province, there were 4,333,333 acres under cultivation. The principal crops are soy beans, kafir corn, and millet, and others of some importance are wheat, barley, corn, and tobacco. In the last few years, the production of soy beans and bean-cake has increased immensely. A very large part of the Chinese bean export is from Manchuria, whose commerce is included with that of China; note the figures showing the development of the bean export in the article CHINESE EMPIRE, paragraph Commerce. Various minerals occur in Manchuria, particularly coal and iron, which are worked to some extent. The railways are as follows: (1) Imperial Railways of North China, from Shan-hai-kwan, on the Chili frontier, north to Mukden, with branch to Ying-tse, about 300 miles. (2) Chinese |