LINDAU romances 421 Geschichten (1904). His collected LIQUORS From this list it will be seen that the United States ranks eleventh, standing just above Germany, whose production has fallen off considerably in the last few years. From an examination of this table it will also be seen that only a few countries show increased production in 1910 over 1909. Among the countries which do show such increase are Austria, Spain, Hun gary, Bulgaria, and the United States. The table submitted below sets forth the LION, THE (cruiser). See BATTLESHIPS. LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DISTILLED. These products are classified under four general heads: (1) Wines, including ciders and other fermented fruit juices, and so-called sweet or fortified wines, such as port and sherry, to which brandy has been added to preserve the unfermented sugar; (2) malt liquors, such as beer, ale, por ter, etc.; (3) distilled liquors, such as whisky, brandy, gin, etc.; (4) liqueurs or cordials, such as apricot and blackberry cordials, Benedictine, 1905 etc. WINES. France and Italy are the two great wine-producing countries of the world. France produced, during the year 1909, 1,197,808,920 gallons, and Italy almost as much. During the past year, 1910, the production of these two countries decreased nearly one billion gallons, France producing only about one-half her usual crop. This decrease in production in France and Italy has actually reduced the world's supply of wine approximately onethird. Such a reduction cannot fail to have a great effect upon the wine markets of the world. The following table gives the production of wine in the principal countries of the world for the years 1908, 1909, and 1910 (stated in gal lons): 473,000,000 quantities of dry wines produced in the State of California during the last six years, in gallons as follows: 1906 1907 1908 1909 19,500,000 24,500,000 26,000,000 22,500,000 23,000,000 27,000,000 The above figures show a marked increase in 1910 over the production of dry wines for the last six years. In fact, this year has the larg est production recorded since 1902. No record seems to be available for the production of dry wines in the other wine-producing districts of the United States. The production of fortified sweet wines, however, being under the supervision of the Bureau of Internal Revenue (as each gallon of brandy used is subject to a small tax) can be very exactly given, and the table below states the production of the principal wine-producing States and the total production in the United States for the years 1909 and 1910. This table shows a marked increase in proFrance .1,331,995,000 1,197,808,920 627,652,608 1,064,800,000 910,756,000 700,000,000 duction in 1910 over the previous year, the in324,894,042 400,000,000 crease being about four million gallons, being 99,000,000 125,000,000 divided among all the wine-producing States, 42,350,000 110,000,000 and Virginia is for the first time noted as an 68,200,000 75,000,000 important producer of this class of wine. The 52,800,000 54,000,000 principal increase, however, is in California, 50,600,000 50,000,000 which is the great wine-producing State of this country. 121,000,000 Portugal.. Bulgaria. 26,400,000 55,000,000 85,800,000 4,888,445 12,734,898 16,229,398 14,945,871 19,012,397 while the statistics of the wine production of not entitled under this ruling to the name the Douro district of Portugal, where the true " champagne." Two important decisions as to port wines are produced, show a production there of but 6,440,000 gallons, considerably less than the production of this class of wine in the United States. the labeling of wines under the Food and Drugs act have been made during the past year. The first decision, known as Labeling of Ohio and Missouri Wines, permits a product to be labConsiderable legislation has been enacted and eled "Ohio wine" or "Missouri wine," without a number of rulings regarding wines promul- further statement, even if a large amount of gated during 1910. The French government is water and sugar has been added in its preparalimiting the area in which champagne wine tion, and as no practical restrictions can be can be made to a very small district. Spark- placed upon this use of sugar and water, the ling wines made in another part of France are result of this ruling will undoubtedly be that the terms "Ohio wine" and "Missouri wine " will become synonymous for a very low grade adulterated wine. The other decision bearing en the labeling of wines permits wines manufactured in the United States similar to sherry and port to be called "sherry" or "port" in combination with the name of the State in which it was produced. These decisions are in striking contrast to the tendency in other wineproducing countries, where measures are being taken to increase the reputation of their products by placing more restrictions upon the use of materials and labels. The Spanish government has recently issued standards and provided definitions for wines, beers, and distilled spirits, which show an effort to keep up with other wine-producing countries of Europe in protecting the good name of their products. These standards for wines are in general very similar to those of France, and are quoted in brief form as follows: "Wine shall be understood as the beverage resulting from the alcoholic fermentation, complete or incomplete, of the juice of fresh, ripe grapes." "In sparkling wines there shall be permitted the variations set forth, and also the manipulations and processes known as the champagne method,' as also charging them with pure carbonic acid. "Nevertheless no wine shall be sold under the name of Sparkling Wine except in the event that its effervescence is the result of a second alcoholic fermentation while bottled up, whether spontaneous or resulting from the champagne method. Wines charged with carbonic acid should be clearly marked on the label, bearing the words' Champagne de Fantasia' (imitation champagne) or some other classification in the same lettering as the words Sparkling Wine or Champagne, which will not permit confusion as to the nature of the product." "There shall be understood as fortified wines, those prepared by any of the methods specified, or resulting from the mixing of different wines with each other: "1. Dry and strengthened with alcohol. "2. Semi-sweet wines, mild, resulting from a partial careful fermentation or by the addition of alcohol. "3. Sweet wines resulting from the addition of alcohol to the grapes or must. "4. Fermented wines to which alcohol has been added. "In the preparation of these the use of grapes more or less dry is permitted. "Generally there shall be held as fraudulent all of the manipulations and practices having for their object the changing of the natural condition of the wine to conceal alterations in the same or to deceive as to its substantial qualities or origin. "There shall be understood as cider the beverage proceeding from the alcoholic fermentation of the juice of fresh apples, or a mixture of apples and pears, extracted with the addition of water, or pure." FERMENTED LIQUORS. The report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shows an increase in production of fermented liquors in 1910, 59,544,775 barrels being produced as against 56,364,360 barrels in 1909; but a decrease in the number of breweries was shown, 1568 being operated in 1910, as against 1622 in 1909. This decrease in the number of breweries was largely due to the Prohibition laws, showing that these laws had the effect of changing the place of production without interfering with the aggregate amounts produced and consumed. In this connection, the Spanish definitions of beer are of exceeding interest, and are as follows: "There shall be understood as beer the beverage obtained through the alcoholic fermentation of must made from hops, sprouted grain, yeast and water." "The beverage sold under the name of beer must not be manufactured except from the products mentioned in its definition. "The beer in whose preparation part of the barley has been substituted by other grains or starch material shall be sold under a special name indicating clearly its manufacture." This shows that the term "beer" has a fairly definite meaning and that the materials from which it can be made are barley, malt and hops. DISTILLED SPIRITS. The statistics on the total production of distilled spirits in the United States during the year 1910 show a very marked increase over the previous year, the production being 156,237,527 gallons, as against 133,450,755 gallons in the previous year; and the withdrawals for consumption also show a large increase, being 126,384,726 gallons, as against 114,693,578 gallons withdrawn in 1909. That is to say, 11,421,185 more gallons of distilled spirits were consumed in the United States during the year 1910 than in the previous year—this increase in consumption apparently in spite of the State-wide prohibitory laws existing in some of the States and local option laws in other States which have had the effect of greatly reducing the number of distilleries actually in operation, there being but 906 distilleries operated in 1910 as against 1292 distilleries in the previous year. These facts would seem to indicate that the Prohibition laws have very little effect on the total consumption of distilled spirits, but have affected to a very considerable extent the place of production. In addition, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue reports that there has been a very large increase of illicit distilling, espe cially in those States having State-wide prohibitory laws. Most of this illicit distilling has been in Georgia, Alabama, and North and South Carolina. During 1910 there were seized and destroyed a total of 1911 illicit distilleries, and 1743 in the previous year. The following table shows the total production of the various classes of distilled spirits in the United States in the last three years, and indicates a great increase in the production during this period: The great increase in production of whisky is probably not a real increase, as a change in the classification under the Internal Revenue Regulations now permits products to be classed as "whisky" which were formerly classed as alcohol or neutral spirits. LITERATURE tilling of sugar-cane juice or molasses dregs, "There should be considered as liquors the "The use of harmless coloring matter provided that the specific name of the liqueur is marked specifically colored.' "The total or partial addition of aromas, provided that the specific name of the liqueur is qualified as 'artificial.' Following the decision of President Taft as to the manner of labeling "whisky," a still more lenient ruling was issued by the three Secretaries authorized to issue rules and regulations for the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act. These regulations entitle any distilled spirit made from grain, diluted to potable strength, to the label "whisky." In addition, the distillers of spirits from molasses have succeeded, through the courts, in practically obtaining the right to the use of the name "whisky " for potable distilled spirits made from molasses, so that at the present time, under the rulings now in force, any spirit distilled from grain dr molasses, and diluted to potable strength, is entitled to the name "whisky," thus giving the whisky interest a complete reversal of the methods of labeling prescribed for their products by the previous administration. This, however, has had the effect of greatly increasing the amount of whisky bottled in bond, as the obtaining of this class of product is the only way in which the consumer can be assured he is getting straight whisky. The report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue shows also that 8,985,759 gallons of distilled spirits The requirement of the Spanish government were bottled in bond in 1910, as against 6,365,- that liqueurs shall be labeled "imitation 839 gallons bottled in bond in 1909, and 4,794,- when glucose has been substituted for saccha358 in 1908, the amount of spirits bottled rose (cane sugar) indicates that sugar is recunder this act having nearly doubled in two ognized the world over as saccharose, and that other products are recognized as substitutes therefor. years. The following table gives the amount of wine and spirits consumed in Great Britain for the past three years: CONSUMPTION OF WINE AND SPIRITS IN "The substitution of saccharose, in whole or in part, with glucose, provided that to the specific name is added that of Fantasia' (imitation). "The words 'colored' and 'artificial' should be printed in the same sized type as those bearing on the labels and tags the name of the liqueur." LIQUOR TRAFFIC. See PROHIBITION and LIQUORS, FERMENTED AND DISTILLED. LITERATURE, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN. The rapid increase in the number of books published on both sides of the Atlantic is shown by the tables on the next page, in which the literary output of 1898, as reported in the INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK, is compared with that of 1910, as given in the Publishers' Weekly of New York City. In the year 1910 the American book production reached the unprecedented figure of 13,470, for the first time surpassing the English and ranking next to the German. Many of the titles in the two lists are, however, common to both countries. Of the American list for the year, 9209 books were by American authors and 4261 were by English or other foreign authors. It will be seen from the tables that during the period 1898-1910, British book production increased by 50 per cent., and American by more than three times that. Fiction in England has remained almost stationary during that period and probably has reached its height for the present in America also, for the number of new novels this year though greater than last year (1087), is less than in 1908 (1458). Religion, Theology and Philosophy, on the other hand, continue to make rapid gains in both countries. The greatest proportional increase is shown in works relating to the sciences and arts and to domestic and rural affairs, while the increased attention being paid in America to historical and sociological studies is manifest from the large number of new books in these fields. The classification of publications is, to some extent, arbitrary, and has doubtless changed somewhat during the twelve years, and, unfortunately, different systems of classification are in use in England and America, so no exact comparisons can be drawn. It would be rash to attempt to decide whether there has been a gain in quality as in quantity of the literature produced, but it is probably safe to say that there has been a general improvement of literary craftsmanship and if there appear to be fewer works of distinction than formerly, it is in part because of the close rivalry of numerous competitors in every field. FICTION. The reports of the public libraries in various cities and the tables of sales published monthly in the Bookman, show that the public is quite independent of the dictation of advertisers and reviewers. A novel by a well known author may sell extensively for the first month or two, but if it is inferior to his former works, it speedily drops, while books by comparatively unknown writers often work their way to the front rank with little aid from the publishers or professional criticism. It has been found that it does not pay to force the sale of a novel to the highest limit by heavy advertising as was done a few years ago. Loyalty to an author does not count for much nowadays. Readers are more interested in the books than in their makers, notwithstanding the exaggerated attention given to personalities in literary periodicals. An author's name is of value in so far as it stands for fiction of a certain grade and character. If an author changes his style decidedly he loses his public and has to work up a new one. For the reading public becomes more diversified and each new form of fiction that is introduced remains in favor with a sufficient number so that stories of that type continue to appear year after year. An instance of the independence of the reading public is afforded this year by The Rosary, a novel of sentiment and renunciation, with a musical motif, by Florence Barclay, which was published in 1909 and in spite of the fact that it received comparatively little attention from reviewers gradually gained popularity and crept up in the list of "best sellers" until by October it had reached the top, where it remained for the rest of the year. A similar case of unpromoted popularity occurred in 1908 when The Lady of the Decoration, an unpretentious novel, by an unknown author, worked its way into public favor. Second in popularity to The Rosary this year is a novel of a very different history, A Modern Chronicle, by Winston Churchill, which immediately upon its publication far stripped its competitors. In this new work Mr. Churchill substitutes for his former theme of political ambition its feminine equivalent, social aspiration. Third in the list is The Wild Olive, by Basil King, author of The Inner Shrine. Next to this in the order of popularity is Mrs. Mary Roberts Rinehart's When a Man Marries, which was followed later in the year by At The Window of the White Cat, both clever extravaganzas. The list of the best selling fiction for 1910 contains the names of several books of 1909: John Marvel, Assistant, by Thomas Nelson Page; Truxton King, by George Barr McCutcheon; The Silver Horde, by Rex Beach; Little Sister Snow, by Frances Little, author of The Lady of the Decoration; Bella Donna, by Robert Hichens; It Can Never Happen Again, by William De Morgan; The Calling of Dan Mathews, by Harold Bell Wright. Of the new books besides those mentioned the most popular out |