in the case of distant colonies, if Indians were to be brought in in any considerable numbers. The Indians of the Transvaal sent a deputation to India in 1910 to protest against their treatment by the Transvaal government. They succeeded in raising a considerable fund from their sympathizers. When they returned to South Africa the authorities refused to let some of them land and required the others to obtain official permits before going to their homes.

END OF LORD MINTO'S ADMINISTRATION. In June, Sir Charles Hardinge, who was later raised to the peerage under the title of Baron Hardinge of Penshurst, was appointed to succeed Lord Minto. He had been ambassador at St. Petersburg and the appointment met with general.approval. Lord Minto made his final preparations for departure in October. Many public honors and farewell banquets were given to Lord Minto on the eve of his departure. In an address on October 14, he reviewed the political conditions, saying that when the government considered the situation in 1906 it found that there were two ways of dealing with the problem of Indian affairs. The first was to refuse to have anything to do with the new ideas because they were opposed to the stability of British rule. The second was to regard them as the outcome of British administration in the course of which the natives had reasonably acquired some political aspirations. After careful consideration the Indian government had come to the conclusion that the representative principle should be further extended in the administration and this had been gradually accepted by Lord Morley. He denied that the sedition and popular violence could be regarded as in any way representative of the general political conditions. The people were still loyal. In the latter part of November Lord Hardinge arrived at Bombay, where he received an imposing wel come. See also EXPLORATION and PLAGUE.

INDIA, PORTUGUESE. See PORTUGUESE INDIA. INDIANA. One of the East North Central Division of the United States. It has an area of 36,584 square miles. Its capital is Indianapolis.

POPULATION. The population of the State in 1910, according to the Thirteenth Census, was 2,700,876, as compared with 2,516,462 in 1900 and 2,192,404 in 1890. The gain in population in the decade 1900 to 1910 was 7.3 per cent. The State ranks ninth in point of population, whereas in 1900 it ranked eighth. The population of the larger cities and towns will be found in the tables in the article CENSUS.

most important of the States in the production of Portland cement, ranking second in the quantity produced and being surpassed only by Pennsylvania. There were manufactured in 1909 7,026,081 barrels of Portland cement, valued at $5,331,468. This is an increase of nearly 1,000,000, in quantity, but a decrease in value, as compared with 1908. There was also produced a large quantity of natural cement, aggregating over 200,000 barrels. A considerable quantity of coke is manufactured and the stone products are of great value. Other mineral products include coal products, illuminating gas, pyrite and oil stones.

AGRICULTURE. The acreage, production and value of the principal crops in 1909-10 are shown in the following table:

a Tons. b Pounds. EDUCATION. The number of pupils of school age in the State in the year 1909-10 was 754,972. The enrollment was 531,459 and the average attendance was 420,780. The State has a compulsory education law, a teachers' minimum wage law, a plan for accrediting the work of private normal schools that meet the proper standards, and the requirement that all teachers rust have normal training in addition to the four years' high school course before they are permitted to teach. The law provides also for school consolidation and the transportation of pupils.

CHARITIES AND CORRECTIONS. The charitable and correctional institutions of the State include the Indiana Reformatory at Jeffersonville, the Indiana State School for the Deaf at Indianapolis, the Central Hospital for the Insane at Indianapolis, the Indiana School for the Blind at Indianapolis, Indiana State Prison at Michigan City, Indiana Boys' School at Plainfield, MINERAL PRODUCTION. Indiana ranks ninth Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home at among the States in the production of petro- Knightstown, the Indiana Women's Prison at leum. The total amount produced in 1909 was Indianapolis, the School for Feeble-Minded at 2,296,086 barrels, valued at $1,997,610, as com- Fort Wayne, the Northern Hospital for the Inpared with a production of 3,283,629 barrels, sane at Logansport, Eastern Hospital for the valued at $3,203,883 in 1908. There were in the Insane at Richmond, the Southern Hospital for State at the end of 1909 305 completed wells, of the Insane at Evansville, the State Soldiers' which 219 were productive. The production in Home at Lafayette, the Indiana Girls' School at 1910, according to the United States Geological Indianapolis, the Southeastern Hospital for the Survey, showed a continued decrease largely due Insane at Madison, the Indiana Village for Epito the development of unusual ventures in Illi- leptics at Newcastle, and a Hospital for the nois. The coal production of the State has shown Treatment of Tuberculosis at Rockville. The an increase in recent years. The amount produced legislature of 1909 passed many important measin 1909 was 14,881,699 tons, as compared with ures relating to the administration of these a production of 12,314,890 tons in 1908. The institutions and to the general supervision of reports of the United States Geological Survey charitable work throughout the State. These indicated a still further increased production in 1910, due largely to the curtailment of the output from Illinois. Indiana is one of the

include laws providing for public playgrounds, a tax for the maintenance of public hospitals in cities of the fourth and fifth class, an amend

INDIANA

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

There was no meeting of the State legislature in 1910, as the sessions are biennial and the last was held in 1909. The next session begins January 5, 1911.

Ten

ment to the compulsory school attendance law, pressed with the result of the primaries held extending its benefits to the blind and deaf throughout the State. Little general interest children and a law providing for the appoint- was shown and for the most part the control ment of three members of the Indianapolis remained in the hands of the professional polipolice force as humane officers. ticians. So great was the dissatisfaction with the prospective nomination of Mr. Taggart that a combination was made between the friends of Governor Marshall and John W. Kern to defeat him in the State Convention held on April 28. So strong was this feeling that an attempt was made by Mr. Taggart's adherents to have CONVENTIONS AND ELECTIONS. The chief in the convention declare that it would not nomterest in the State elections in Indiana in 1910 inate a candidate for the Senate. After warm was in the nomination and election of United discussion a vote was taken which resulted in States Senator. The term of Governor Mar- 8881⁄2 for nominating a Senator and 8582 shall, who was elected on the Democratic ticket against such nomination. Thus the supporters in 1908, does not expire until 1913. Senator of Governor Marshall and Mr. Kern won by Beveridge was a candidate for re-election and 30 in a convention of 1747 delegates. he had the support of the progressive or in- names were placed in nomination, including surgent element in the State, but he was op- Mr. Taggart and Mr. Kern. On the first ballot posed by representatives of the regular party Taggart led with 228 votes, while Kern received machine. The Republican State Convention was 200. On the second ballot more delegates voted held on April 5. The greater number of the for Mr. Kern. At this point he appeared in delegates had previously signified their sup- the convention and declared that no one had port of Senator Beveridge and his renomination been authorized to place him in nomination was a foregone conclusion. He appeared before and that he was not a candidate. The conventhe convention and made a speech in which he tion, however, would not listen to him, and on urged a permanent tariff commission as the only the second ballot he received 647 votes. He solution of the tariff problem. Senator Bever- again appeared upon the platform and declared idge has been the warmest supporter in the that he would not accept if nominated. DurSenate for the plan of a permanent tariff com- ing the second ballot Mr. Taggart withdrew mission and his efforts were warmly endorsed his name from the convention, transferring his by the convention. The platform adopted by votes to Mr. Kern. On the third roll call Mr. the convention included the following utter- Kern received 772 votes and the other candidates ances on the tariff: "We believe in a protective withdrew. His nomination was thereupon made tariff measured by the difference between the unanimous. The platform adopted by the concost of production here and abroad. Less than vention was concerned chiefly with the tariff this is unjust to American laborers. More than and liquor questions. The Payne-Aldrich tariff this is unjust to American consumers. That act was denounced as a masterpiece of injusdifference should be ascertained with the utmost tice. The platform recognized the rights of the speed and the present law modified accordingly. people of the State to settle the question as We demand the immediate creation of a genu- to whether intoxicating liquors should be sold ine, permanent, non-partisan tariff commission in their respective communities and to that end with ample powers to define duties fixed by the favored the amendment and modification of the law itself." The platform also declared that present local option law so as to make incorthe coal deposits of Alaska should be kept as porated cities, townships and the territory in the property of the United States, to be de- townships outside of such cities the units of veloped under lease on a royalty basis. It fa- electing. This declaration forced the liquor vored the income tax amendment, national leg- question into the campaign, although the Reislation to end child slavery in factories, mines publican platform had ignored it. Nominations and sweat-shops, publicity for campaign funds, were also made for State officials, including and the direct election of Senators. A para- Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer and Atgraph was included highly commending Presi- torney-General. dent Taft and pledging to him the support of the party in any efforts to secure the enactment of genuine progressive legislation. The convention also pronounced for the re-election of Senator Beveridge.

The issue with the Democratic party, as with the Republican, was the nomination for Senator, but the situation was complicated by the announcement early in April by Thomas Taggart, leader of the Democratic organization in the State, that he was a candidate for the nomination. Strong opposition at once developed which centered in the desire to nominate John W. Kern, who was Democratic candidate for Vice-President in the campaign in which President Taft was elected. Primaries for the election of delegates to the State Convention were held during April. At the primary held in Indianapolis on April 26, Mr. Taggart secured 179 delegates out of a total of 183. In this primary not more than 50 per cent. of the Democrats voted. Much dissatisfaction was ex

The campaign carried on in the summer and fall of 1910 was of more than local interest, chiefly from the national standpoint as an indication of the attitude of the voters of the State toward the administration and the progressive element of the Republican party. In the latter part of the campaign Mr. Roosevelt made several speeches in the State in behalf of Senator Beveridge. Senator Beveridge himself made an energetic campaign and spoke in all parts of the State. He vigorously assailed the PayneAldrich tariff law and defended the attitude of the progressive Senators in opposing certain measures enacted in that law, as well as the general method of carrying it through the Senate. His efforts, however, were not sufficient to stem the current of Democratic success which swept the country. On November 8 the Democrats elected a majority of 38 in joint ballot in the legislature, thus insuring the elec tion of a Democratic Senator. The head of the Democratic ticket received a majority of nearly

14,000 votes. As a result, the Democrats will Indian school boys with a mechanical bent, have in the State Senate of 1911, 31 members which means that hundreds of young men will and the Republicans 19, while in the House have an opportunity of perfecting themselves there will be 63 Democrats and 37 Republicans. at their chosen trades and securing fair wages In a number of representative and senatorial in the railway shops. Work has been found for districts, Republican majorities in normal Re- a large number of Indians on irrigation and railpublican counties were overcome by unusual road projects. The sugar-beet region near Rocky Democratic majorities in other counties making Ford, Colo., furnished employment for a great up the districts. There were especially heavy number, the total earnings there being $19,Democratic majorities in the no-license dis- 868.80; as the district is one of the best irritricts. The defeat of Senator Beveridge was gated agricultural districts in the country, the due largely to local conditions. The State was boys cannot fail to derive valuable practical strongly Democratic in sentiment and the tem- knowledge on the important subject of irrigation. perance question was involved in choosing a leg- Strenuous efforts have been made to reduce islature. Undoubtedly many who would have the two principal scourges of modern Indian life, voted for Senator Beveridge as Senator had in- trachoma and tuberculosis. The former is esterests at stake which led them to assist in pecially prevalent in the Southwest where a electing a Democratic legislature. Republican hospital with special physicians has been escandidates for Congress in the State were over- tablished for a thorough examination of about whelmingly defeated, with the exception of Rep- 20,000 Indians, 20 per cent, of whom were found resentative Crumpacker, who saved his seat by tainted. Special sanatoria and camps for the a narrow margin. As the result of the election treatment of tuberculosis were organized in sevof a Democratic legislature, John W. Kern will eral localities; of 117 patients admitted, 87 receive the majority of votes in the United showed marked improvement. Increased attenStates Senate in the legislative session of 1911. tion is given to sanitary house-to-house inspecSTATE OFFICERS. Governor, Thomas R. Mar- tions by the resident government physicians. At shall; Lieutenant-Governor, Frank J. Hall; Sec- the same time preventive measures are also atretary of State, L. G. Ellingham; Treasurer, tempted by means of popular education in matWilliam H. Vollmer; Auditor, William H. ters hygienic. O'Brien; Attorney-General, Thomas M. Honan; Adjutant-General, George W. McCoy; Superintendent of Education, Charles A. Greathouse all Democrats.

JUDICIARY. Supreme Court-Chief Justice, Quincy A. Meyers; Justices, John V. Hadley, James H. Jordan, Leander J. Monks, Oscar H. Montgomery; Clerk of the Court, Edward V. Fitzpatrick-all Republicans.

STATE LEGISLATURE, 1911. Senate, Republicans, 20; House, 40; Joint Ballot, 60. Senate, Democrats, 30; House, 60; Joint Ballot, 90. Majority, Senate, Democrats, 10; House, Democrats, 20; Joint Ballot, Democrats, 30.

INDIA RUBBER, SYNTHETIC. See CHEMIS

TRY.

INDIANS. The efforts of the Indian Department, now under the supervision of Commissioner Robert G. Valentine, have been focused on the instruction of Indians in modern agricultural methods. For this end experts are employed and experimental farms are established in various districts in order to discover the best crops and improve the quality of the seed. Agricultural fairs are held on several reservations as stimuli to increased efforts on the part of the nation's wards. On the Fort Peck Reservation about half of the male adults cultivate their own farms, the area under cultivation having approximately doubled within the year. An elevator is being constructed to handle the grain harvested in the neighborhood. The Nez Percés of Idaho have developed great interest in the planting of fruit trees, and on the Yakima Reservation, in Washington, the white lessees have established model farms, which are exerting a favorable influence on their Indian neighbors. Extraordinary progress is reported from the Winnebago, who, in the course of the year, have more than doubled the area under cultivation. About 75 per cent. of the able-bodied Winnebago are engaged in farming, and the corn crops are said to be on a par with those of the average white planters. The work of the employment bureau also deserves notice. Two large railway systems have offered to provide employment for

The Indian schools are being more closely connected with the public schools of the whites. Wherever feasible, an effort is made to have the children of the two races educated together, as this seems a ready way to effect the assimilation of the rising generation. The curriculum of Indian schools has been altered so as to conform as closely as possible to the course of study outlined for the white children's schools by the local or State authorities.

In general, it may be said that the government is steadfastly aiming to break up the old tribal relations and treat each Indian as an individual, and that during the past year great strides have been made in this direction, although a great deal yet remains to be done. ANTHROPOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY; and for Indian reservations see PUBLIC LANDS.

See

INDIAN SURVEYS. See EXPLORATION,

INFANTILE PARALYSIS

1904, only 300 cases were reported, while in the five years ending 1909, 8000 cases were reported, of which five-sevenths were in the United States. In Pennsylvania alone, up to September 3, 469 cases were reported. Prior to 1907, this disease occurred only sporadically in the United States, but since then it has spread over the whole country, few States escaping. Poliomyelitis is believed to have been imported from Europe The earliest foci of the disease were on the Atlantic Seaboard-New York and Boston, the greatest immigrant ports -and it was known that it was already spreading in Northern Europe before 1907. An early isolated outbreak occurred in Minnesota, which receives a large number of immigrants from Norway and Sweden.

ORIGIN. Although it has been suspected by many to be contagious, it is only within the last year that the researches of Flexner and Lewis in the United States, and Landsteiner and Levaditi, in France, proved the infectious agent to be an extremely minute organism. This organism is ultra-microscopic, and readily passes through the pores of earthenware filters. It is fairly certain that the micro-organism is taken into the blood through the mucous membrane of the nose, that it exists in the nasal secretions, and that through these the disease is disseminated. The French observers above mentioned found the virus in the salivary glands, so that the saliva may also be implicated in the spread of the infection.

371

EFFECTS. Anterior poliomyelitis generally attacks infants and young children. The disease begins, in a typical case, like many other children's diseases, suddenly, with fever, vomiting, and possibly diarrhea; within a few hours or days a flaccid paralysis of certain groups of muscles, or of an arm or a leg, is noticed, and the true nature of the malady is then apparent. The paralysis may partially disappear, but the muscles that remain affected soon begin to atrophy, and little improvement is thereafter attained, and various deformities and contractures appear unless prevented by orthopedic apparatus. The typical lesions of anterior poliomyelitis are seen in the ganglion nerve cells in the anterior horns of the spinal cord, but adjacent nerve cells may also suffer, and even the medulla oblongata, or the brain itself, may be involved. When the latter occurs, convulsions, hemiplegia, or occasionally epilepsy, may follow; in fact, a wide variety of nervous phenomena, depending on the part of the cerebrospinal system attacked, may result. The mortality is not high, but few cases escape without some paralysis or deformity.

TREATMENT. Treatment of anterior poliomyelitis has heretofore been symptomatic during the acute attack, with electricity and massage, and later orthopedic appliances for the paralyzed muscles. Internally, hexamethylenamine, a powerful but harmless antiseptic, has been used lately, on the theory that the micro-organisms existing in the cerebro-spinal fluid are inhibited from growth by the drug, which, it is known, circulates in this fluid in appreciable amounts. Isolation and quarantine are enforced in many localities, and in New York State the disease is reportable to the various Boards of Health. INFANT PARALYSIS. See INFANTILE SPINAL PARALYSIS.

INFRINGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT.

COPYRIGHT.

INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM

INGOT IRON. See CHEMISTRY. INHERITANCE TAX. See TAXATION. INITIATIVE AND REFERENDUM. The movement for the establishment of the initiative (by which the power to initiate any desired legislation is reserved to the people), the referendum (by which the power to call for a public vote upon any proposed measure is reserved in the people), and the recall (q. v.) (which is the power to compel an official to stand for re-election) is a part of the same movement that is manifesting itself in the demand for the direct nomination of candidates. They all form part of a growing desire for a more democratic form of government-a more responsive electoral machinery.

THE EXPERIENCE OF OREGON. For the past ten years, Oregon has retained its leadership in the effort to realize this desire, and there has been a feeling on the part of many that the initiative and referendum have been somewhat overworked in that State. It must be conceded, however, that the results so far have not justified this fear, inasmuch as the Oregon voters have shown a remarkable discrimination in their voting up or voting down propositions submitted to them under the initiative and referendum laws. There have been efforts made to submit trivial questions, but these have not interfered with the intelligent expression of opinion on the real issues submitted." That this is so is due to the fact that the voter is supplied by the State with a small pamphlet, carefully edited, giving in concise form the principal facts about the candidates and questions to be voted upon. In most instances the issues submitted were discussed in the newspapers for a year or more and public meetings were held for the presentation of arguments pro and con. The Pacific Outlook is authority for the statement that one-third of the questions submitted are put up by the legislature merely for the purpose.of discrediting direct legislation. Another third are the result of legislative carelessness and stupidity. Still another third are bona fide issues upon which public expression is needed. In the 1910 campaign among the latter was the project for a State publication to fulfil for the State of Oregon what such papers as Denver Facts, the Kansas City Facts, the Boston Record, and other official city publications have been doing for their respective communities. (See OREGON, paragraph Politics and Government.) The "Oregon Plan" has become widely noted as an interesting experiment in democracy. It is likely to be extended still further if the plans of the "People's Power League of Oregon" organized in 1910, are carried out. This is the organization of which W. S. U'ren is a leading spirit.

Under the present initiative and referendum provision of the Constitution, the legislature has the right to enact urgency or emergency laws by declaring that an emergency exists, and prohibits the filing of a referendum petition against a law enacted with the emergency clause attached. That has given machine legislators ample opportunity to commit legislative outrages by tacking the emergency clause to all sorts of laws so as to shut off the referendum. Under an amendment proposed by the League, three-fourths of all the members elected to each chamber must vote, on roll call, for an emerSee gency section, apart from the vote on the bill.

A bill thus passed does not go to the governor,