ton. is to be 111 miles (British, 22; Chinese, 89). and sucks the blood, at the same time injecting Both are controlled by British interests. Hong- a toxic substance into the circulation. The kong is the headquarters of the China Squadron female worm lays an abundance of eggs, which (about 60 vessels); the new admiralty dock are cast into the world with the feces, and, was completed in 1910. Governor, 1910, Sir under proper conditions of soil and moisture, F. D. Lugard. The sum required for the cost these develop into larvæ, which in turn enter of the new university buildings has been pro- the human body with the food or through the vided; the necessary endowment funds are skin. The latter is the main avenue of entrance, guaranteed; and the conditional subscriptions, the skin of the feet particularly serving as a amounting to £111,926, are being collected. The portal. The irritation to which the larvæ give corner-stone of the new university was laid in rise in the skin is known as ground itch or dew March. Difficulties arose with the Chinese gov- itch. The larvæ are exceedingly minute, and ernment over the suppression of the opium traf- having pierced the skin gain access to the lymph fic. The British consul-general at Canton pro- and blood channels, reaching, by way of the tested against the levying of illegal charges and heart and lungs, the mouth cavity, from which interference with British trade, but the Viceroy they get into the intestine. As many as 4000 denied the justice of this claim, saying that it worms may be present in one person at one was a right of the internal administration to time, and 2,000,000 eggs may be discharged in levy imposts, and accused the British of non- a single stool. As a result of the constant compliance with the terms of the opium agree- abstraction of blood, the patient becomes anemic, ment. Later, however, the Wai-wu-pu declared the hemoglobin dropping to 30 per cent. in this opium tax illegal and agreed to give severe cases, or even lower in fatal cases. proper instructions to the Viceroy of Čan- There is a moderate decrease in the number of red blood corpuscles, and an increase in the eosin HONVED. See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, Army. staining cells (eosinophiles), which is a disHOOKWORM DISEASE. (UNCINARIASIS, tinctive characteristic of the disease. The ANKYLOSTOMIASIS, MINERS' ANÆMIA.) The symptoms vary with the severity of the infecfirst conference for the purpose of considering tion, from mild pallor, dyspepsia and lack of the hookworm situation in the South was held ambition, to the manifestations of a severe at Atlanta, January 18 and 19, 1910. Five hundred delegates were present. Dr. C. W. Stiles, of the United States Marine Hospital Service, gave a brief historical account of the disease and reviewed conditions in the United States. The hookworm was first described by a German clergyman named Goeze, in 1782, who called it haaken wurm. In 1837, Dubini, of Milan, found the parasites in autopsies and gave them the name Ankylostoma duodenale, which to-day is known as the old-world hookworm in distinction from the American variety, named by Stiles Necator americanus. A few years later it was discovered that hookworm infection was common in Egypt, and a similar parasite was discovered in Brazil, where its clinical manifestations were carefully studied. In 1879 an outbreak of uncinariasis occurred among the miners of the St. Gothard tunnel (miners' anemia). In the United States the first to recognize the worm and its importance was Dr. H. F. Harris, while Stiles, by his systematic study and writings, made the disease one of national interest and concern. In 1909 Mr. John D. Rockefeller gave $1,000,000 for a campaign against the disease and a commission was formed for that purpose. The distribution of the hookworm in the South is of interest. Infection is greatest in the sandy area, next greatest in the Appalachian region, and lightest in the clay lands. As a result of personal examination of 130 mills, Stiles believes that one out of every eight cotton-mill employes has well-advanced hookworm anemia. In the sand-land mills, the proportion is as high as 60 per cent., while in the clay belt infection is 5 per cent., or less. Stiles believes the hookworm to have been imported from Africa by the negro. The parasite is a member of the roundworm family (Strongyloida), is from 7 to 11 millimetres long, and inhabits the upper part of the small intestine, to the mucous lining of which it attaches itself by means of suckers. The worm is also armed with a hollow toothlike spine, by means of which it pierces the blood-vessels anemia, with prostration, dizziness, vomiting, dilatation of the heart and dropsy. Children suffer the most. Development, both physical and mental, is very much retarded. The face has an old, tired look, puberty is delayed. Resistance to other diseases is lowered, and the mortality from intercurrent diseases is excessive. The prevention of hookworm disease lies in the adoption of sanitary methods of disposal of excreta (the reverse of which is the rule in country districts of the South); personal cleanliness, and the wearing of shoes. The most satisfactory feature of hookworm disease is the promptness with which it can be cured. Thymol and beta naphthol are the drugs most used in this country. Large single doses are given on an empty stomach. In Germany, where uncinariasis prevails extensively among miners, male fern is the favorite specific. Wijn, a Japanese physician, reports most satisfactory results from a mixture of eucalyptus oil, chloroform, and castor oil. An interesting account of the disease in Porto Rico, and of the labors of the Porto Rico Anæmia Commission, will be found in an article, "Summary of a Ten Years' Campaign against Hookworm Disease," by Ashford and Igaravidez, in the Journal of the American Medical Association, May 28, 1910. HOOSAC TUNNEL. See RAILWAYS. HOPKINS, EDWARD MÜLLER. An American Protestant Episcopal clergyman and author, died January 14, 1910. He was born at Hannibal, Mo., in 1870, and graduated from Columbia University in 1893 and for a short time following taught Latin in the Cheltenham Military Academy. He then studied Latin at Harvard University, taking a degree in philosophy. He was instructor in Latin in the University of California from 1898 to 1901 and was professor of Latin in Trinity College from 1901 to 1905. He studied for the ministry and was ordained priest in 1906. For a short time prior to his ordination he served as city missionary of Grace Church, New York City. In 1906 he became rector of the Church of the Holy Nativity in HOPKINS 349 HORTICULTURE Bronx Borough, New York City. He contrib- cutput, which owing to the continued low yields uted poems to several magazines and was the of the past six years should now be placed at author of several novels, including The Fight- approximately 25 million barrels. The most ing Bishop (1902); The Torch (1903); The serious shortage to be recorded is that of EuroMayor of Warwick (1906); and Priest and pean wine grapes, which were less than half a Pagan (1907). crop. The average vintage in a normal year approximates 3000 million gallons of wine, of which about one-third is produced in France. France consumes about 100 bottles of wine per capita and the failure of the grape crop was regarded as little short of a national calamity, since it affected an army of people connected with the industry in addition to curtailing the cheap wine supply of the populace. In Germany, Switzerland, and portions of Italy the greatly reduced vintage was also seriously felt. Yields in the more southern European wine centres were nearly up to the average and of good quality. California again produced a banner crop of 45 million gallons and was beginning to supply a small portion of the European demand. HOPS. The world's hop crop in 1910 was below the average and was inadequate to cover normal consumption. In many hop-growing regions of Europe unfavorable weather reduced both quantity and quality of the crop. The United States produced a good crop of fair quality. The world's area in hops for the year was estimated at 235,790 acres, the yield at 1,631,000 cwt., and the consumption at about 1,800,000 cwt. The production of different countries was as follows: The United States produced 440,008 cwt. on 44,480 acres; Germany, 387,200 cwt. on 67,869 acres; Austria, 312,400 cwt. on 57,065 acres; England, 308,000 cwt. on 32,124 acres; France, 59,400 cwt. on 6920 acres; Belgium and Holland, 52,800 cwt. on 4695 acres; and Australia, 11,000 cwt. on 1850 acres. Russia produced about 60,000 cwt. and a large proportion of the crop was high in quality. In many European localities the crop got too ripe before picking on account of a scarcity of labor. The Bavarian and Bohemian crops were quite uneven. The Hallertau region harvested a satisfactory crop, while the product of the Spalt district was low in quality. The famous Saaz hop district produced a crop lacking in color, while other Austrian regions were favored with a larger yield of better quality. A large part of the European crop was not considered sufficiently good for brewing purposes and the real prime green-colored product was scarce. The English hop crop was short and the deficiency was largely covered by importations from the United States. The hop production of the Pacific coast was estimated as follows: Oregon, 100,000 bales (of from 190 to 200 lbs.), California, 70,000 bales, and Washington 21,000 bales. In 1909 the yields for these States were 82,500, 70,000, and 17,500 bales respectively. A machine for picking hops recently patented in the United States was reported as successfully in use on some of the cxtensive hop plantations of the Pacific coast. The hop production of New York was greater by about 10,000 bales in 1910 than in 1909, when 42,000 bales were secured. HORSES. See STOCK-RAISING. HORTICULTURE. THE WORLD'S FRUIT CROP. There was a rather general reduction in the world's production of horticultural crops in 1910, due chiefly to inclement weather conditions during the blooming period in some countries and throughout the season in others. Europe was the greatest sufferer. Great Britain reported a bad crop year for apples, pears, plums, and cherries. In France the grape and prune crops were practically a failure, and reduced yields of almonds, walnuts, and olives were also recorded. More or less serious shortages in the olive crop were reported from all the producing countries except Turkey. As a result the reserve stock of olive oils was being held for increasing prices. The shortage in the world's raisin, currant, and fig crops was sufficient to clear the market of old stock and to somewhat improve the prices to growers. The Canadian apple crop for 1910 was very short, and in the United States the crop was about 2 million barrels short of the average annual EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. The United States shipped 89,014,080 pounds of prunes to Europe in the fiscal year 1909-10, as compared with 22,602,288 pounds in 1908-9, and with a tenyear average annual export of 43,694,116 pounds. California made large shipments of prunes for local consumption in France, which is in normal years an export country for that fruit. Owing to the slowness of domestic buyers, a prune shortage in the large markets of the United States is expected. In 1910 California shipped 12,919 cars of fresh deciduous fruits, other than apples and mixed lots, and packed about 148,275 tons of cured fruits. The only serious decrease was the prune pack, which was about one-half of that of the previous year. California shipped 33,099 car-loads, or 9,929,700 boxes, of citrus fruits in 1909-10, and Florida shipped about 21.600 car-loads, or 6,500,000 boxes. The canned packs in the United States of tomatoes, corn, and peas in 1910 were 8.031,000, 10,063,000, and 4,137,000 cases respectively, as compared with 10,984,000, 5,787,000, and 5,028,000 cases respectively in 1909. The domestic production of raisins, prunes, and oranges in the United States is fast supplanting the imports of these fruits. On the other hand the prosperity of the country has been such that imports of foreign fruits and nuts as a whole have increased from 19 million dollars in 1900 to about 36 million dollars in 1910. Bananas constitute about one-third of the foreign fruits consumed. In 1900 the total export of all fruits and nuts from the United States approximated 12 million dollars and in 1910 about 19 million dollars. Hawaiian canned pineapple shipments to the United States increased from a value of $1.229,647 in 1909 to $1,548,950 in 1910. Porto Rico made a total fruit export, consisting principally of oranges and pineapples to a value of $1,416,947, as compared with about $125,000 five years ago. RECENT DEVELOPMENT. The development of fruit industries in Australia and Africa progressed favorably. Tasmania produced the larg est apple crop yet harvested, 808,842 cases of green fruit, 62,312 cases of preserved fruit, and 13,770 cases of pulp for jam being exported. By evaporating the poorer grade of apples about $500,000 were saved to the growers from otherwise worthless fruit. The output had a ready sale in the Australian markets. Considerable progress is being made in the Cape of Good was therefore recommended that these fruits be Hope in the development of the export trade, stored in separate compartments when being both in fresh and dried fruits. The principal shipped for long distances by sea. In this confresh fruits exported thus far are grapes, pears, nection, the Arizona Experiment Station found plums, peaches, nectarines, and apricots. In that date ripening may be hastened by spraying the dried fruit industry prunes head the list, the immature fruit with a solution of acetic although large quantities of apricots, peaches, acid. The Ontario Department of Agriculture pears, nectarines, figs, and plums are dried as made successful trial shipments of fresh peaches, well. Fig-growers were being encouraged in pre-cooled and shipped under refrigeration to developing the Smyrna fig industry by the in- British markets. The fruit netted the growers troduction of several varieties of the caprifig about 80 cents per six-pound package, f. o. b. for the purpose of breeding the Blastophaga shipping point. The successful ripening of a insect necessary for caprifying the Smyrna fig. number of the best types of imported varieties Fresh pineapples packed in peat dust were suc- of dates at the U. S. Department of Agricul cessfully shipped from Kamerun, West Africa, to ture gardens in Arizona and California led to Hamburg, Germany. It is believed that the a greatly increased interest in the possibilities packing of pineapples in peat dust may enable of commercial date culture. shippers to forward fruit on vessels not provided with cold-storage facilities. IMPROVED METHODS. During the year establishments for pre-cooling fruits for shipment, costing millions of dollars, were brought into use in the United States. Australia was conducting cold-storage experiments with a view to carrying a portion of the home crop over to compete with American fruits later in the season. The first experimental station of cold storage in France was established July 23 at Château Renard (Bouches du-Rhône), under the auspices of the French Association for Cold Storage. The station is located in a marketing centre and the experiments are to include fruits, vegetables, and various food products. In the United States interest in frost-prevention devices was revived, and the use of various forms of orchard heaters promises to become a stated affair in all fruit centres where late spring frosts occur. D. C. Lefferts of the Redlands Orange Growers' Association, California, was successful in separating frost-bitten oranges from sound fruit by means of a denatured alcohol bath, the frost-bitten fruit being sufficiently light to float on the top of the liquid. A machine has been devised for carrying on the separating process. Oranges subjected to this bath and examined later in the eastern markets were particularly free from the spores of fungi which cause decay. The fruit marketing, transportation, and storage work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture (see INTERNATIONAL YEAR BOOK, 1909) was continued with table grapes, lemons, and apples in California, oranges in Florida, and peaches in Georgia. The results as a whole continued to emphasize the fact that loss in general is proportionate to the amount of injury that the fruit receives prior to or during packing. For example, lemons packed in California by 8 packing houses where careful methods prevailed developed less than one-tenth as much blue mould as fruit packed by 8 houses under careless conditions. A. F. Sievers of the same Department found that heat and humidity are not the prime factors producing change of color in lemons during the "sweating" process, but that the coloring is brought about by some of the gaseous products of the incomplete combustion of oil. This conclusion suggests the simplification of modern sweat-room construction and the further adaptation of the old oil-stove device. The Jamaica Department of Agriculture found that where oranges and bananas were stored together in a tight chamber, as in a ship's hold, the emanations from the oranges brought about a premature ripening of the bananas. It The variation of the same kind of fruit grown in different climates was indicated from studies made by the Massachusetts State Station of Ben Davis apples collected from various sections of the United States and Canada. Generally speaking this variety gradually becomes more elongated in form the farther north it is grown. A correlation of the variations in fruit characteristics with the meteorological data indicates that the poor quality of the northerngrown Ben Davis is due to an insufficient amount of heat to fully develop the fruit. P. Viala and P. Pechoutre, eminent French viticulturists, have summed up the evidence from many investigations relative to the behavior of American species of grapes as stocks for the choice wine grapes in France. The evidence as a whole showed the superiority of Vitis berlandieri and its hybrids with Vitis riparia in improving the wines of all grapes grafted thereon. This desirable property is leading to the general use of the above named stocks in nearly all soils. The claim made by Dr. T. V. Munson, the American grape authority, that all known fruiting varieties of Rotundifolia grapes have imperfect flowers and require staminate vines of the same species growing near was fully confirmed by the results of extensive experiments recently reported by the North Carolina Station. As a result of experiments conducted during the past three years, J. Coffigniez, a French investigator, reported that he had successfully combated chlorosis in pear trees by the introduction of sulphate of iron into the wood. The remedy was only temporary, however, in the presence of impoverished soil or when the tree was too old or seriously diseased or weakened by insects. DOMESTICATION OF THE BLUEBERRY. As a result of several years' investigations, F. V. Coville of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has found how blueberries differ from ordinary plants in their methods of nutrition and in their soil requirements. With this knowledge as a basis, he has worked out a system of pot culture under which these plants attain a development beyond all previous expectations, plants only two years of age having been successfully fruited. The indications are that ultimately improved varieties of this fruit will be grown successfully on a commercial scale. The blueberry will grow successfully only in acid soils. The most promising situations for experiments in the field culture of the blueberry appear to be either peat bogs or sandy uplands treated with upland leaf peat. A full account of Coville's investigations was reported Culture." HORTICULTURE 351 HOSPITALS in Bulletin No. 193 of the Bureau of Plant private and market gardeners; J. Weathers, Industry, entitled " Experiments in Blueberry French Market Gardening (London, 1909), gives an insight into the intensive methods of growing vegetables in France, with their adaptation to English conditions; H. Rawson, Success in Market Gardening (New York, 1910), presents the up-to-date methods of commercial vegetable culture in the eastern United States; H. F. Macmillan, A Handbook of Tropical Gardening and Planting (Colombo, Ceylon, 1910). Of the works on ornamental gardening may be mentioned the following: A. Buyssens, Manuel de Floriculture (Vilvoorden and Paris, 1909); A. C. Apgar, Ornamental Shrubs of the United States (Hardy Cultivated), (New York and Chicago, 1910); H. J. and W. P. Wright, Beautiful Flowers and How to Grow Them (London, 1909), a valuable popular two-volume treatise on floriculture indoors and in the garden; and S. Parsons, Landscape Gardening Studies (New York, 1910). PLANT BREEDING. G. W. Oliver of the U. S. Department of Agriculture announced a new process of preventing fecundation by undesirable pollen which should prove of great importance to commercial as well as scientific plant breeders. Oliver's method, which he calls "depollination," consists in removing the pollen from the stigma before fecundation has taken place by means of a tiny jet of water played on each flower head for a few seconds. All traces of pollen may thus be removed and the stigmatic surfaces of the pistils are not injured for subsequent pollination, providing the moisture adhering to them is largely removed by means of bibulous paper. Several genera of the Composita have been worked on with complete success and the method is applicable to all flowers having reproductive organs too small to be successfully manipulated by the ordinary methods of emasculation. Water may also be applied to the stigmas of larger flowers when there is any doubt whether pollen has recently gained access to the stigmas previous to artificial pollination. Oliver's "New Methods of Plant Breeding" are fully described in Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 167. R. Pearl and F. M. Surface of the Maine Experiment Station have been conducting experiments in breeding sweet corn with a view to helping both the farmer and the packer. They secured a marked gain in earliness after the first year's selection, but no further gain in earliness from two subsequent years' selections. The first year's selection was also followed by a marked improvement in respect to the character of the ears. Both earliness and bettershaped ears have been maintained in subsequent crops where the corn has been grown in localities to which it is well adjusted. It is the general rule for a hybrid of two natural species not to set seed with its own pollen. Through the agency of annular decortication, J. Brzezinski, an Austrian investigator, successfully fruited the common horseradish (Cochlearia armoracia), which plant has rarely been known to produce seed. A study of the resulting seedlings leads Brzezinski to conclude that the common horseradish is a hybrid, the distinct parent types of which were manifested in the seedlings. HOSPITALS. Among the more notable gifts to hospitals in New York City during 1910 were the following: A gift of $1,500,000 was made to the Presbyterian Hospital by Mr. E. S. Harkness and others unnamed; the will of D. O. Mills gave $100,000 to the Home for Incurables; Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer gave $100,000 to the German Hospital for a children's ward; Mrs. H. H. Jenkins gave $25,000 to the Lyingin Hospital for a special study of puerperal fever; St. Luke's Hospital received about 6000 acres of coal lands by the will of N. I. Rees. In connection with the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, a hospital building was erected for the study of special diseases and biological problems. The building contains only seventy beds, but is rich in every form of apparatus for investigating and curing disease. A relatively large staff of physicians and nurses is in attendance, and a unique feature is that members of the medical staff will devote their entire time to the work of the hospital. No fees are accepted from patients. The new Polyclinic Hospital was started in West 50th Street. The structure will be eleven stories high and cost $50,000. The new People's Hospital, built and opened to the public through the efforts of Austro-Hungarian citizens, was dedicated on June 21. A unique sociological experiment was undertaken through the generosity of Mrs. W. K. Vanderbilt. A hospital was planned in which delinquent children appearing in the LITERATURE. Among the more important Children's Court could be examined and treated, horticultural works appearing recently may be either medically or surgically, the idea being mentioned: A. Janson, Der Grossobstbau (Ber- that a majority of mental and moral failings lin, 1909), a treatise on commercial fruit-grow- are dependent on physical defects, many of ing; P. Pacottet and J. Dairat, Cultures de which are removable by medical science. Serres (Paris, 1910), treats of fruit-grow- Metropolitan Insurance Company purchased a ing under glass; C. Mariboe, Fortegnelse over tract of land at Mount McGregor, Saratoga Dansk Havebrugslitteratur fra 1546-1908 (Co- County, as a site for a sanitarium for its tuberpenhagen, 1909), is a bibliography of Danish culous employes. A new hospital was begun horticulture containing 456 separate references; on Surf Avenue, Coney Island, by the Brooklyn W. Paddock and O. B. Whipple, Fruit-Growing Children's Aid Society at a cost of $90,000. in the Arid Regions (New York, 1910), an Ground was cleared in Philadelphia for the account of improved fruit-growing practices in erection by Mr. Henry Phipps of a Tuberculothe intermountain country of the western United sis Hospital in connection with the University State; L. Woolverton, The Canadian Apple- of Pennsylvania. The expenditures will exceed Grower's Guide (Toronto, 1910), a com- $5,000,000 and every phase of the subject will plete guide to apple culture, marketing, he investigated. Mr. Phipps also gave $1,000,and varieties; H. H. Hume, The Pecan and 000 to the Psychiatric Clinic of the Johns HopIts Culture (Glen Saint Mary, Fla., kins Hospital at Baltimore, for which the exca1910), a revised edition; H. J. and W. P. vation was begun, and which is to be under the Wright, The Vegetable Grower's Guide (Lon- management of Director Adolf Meyer, M. D. don, 1908), a two-volume treatise for both In Iowa the new Woman's Infirmary in con The nection with the State Hospital for the Insane child labor, direct primaries, convict labor, at Mount Pleasant was opened for the reception prison reform, inheritance tax, and the conof patients. The building cost $67,500 and servation of natural resources. The conference will accommodate seventy patients. Work was was held again on January 18, 1910, in Washbegun on the new hospital at Monmouth, Ill., ington, governors of thirty States meeting as an the completion of which is looked for early in independent, deliberative body for the purpose 1911. Plans were perfected for the new $3,000,- of "initiating, inspiring, and influencing uni000 Cook County (Ill.) Hospital, comprising form laws." President Taft welcomed the eleven buildings-six medical, two surgical, one governors with a reception and made an address administration and detention building, a path in which he declared that he regarded the ological building and a morgue. Roof gardens movement as of the greatest importance. "You and outdoor camps for tuberculosis patients are here," he said, "for the purpose of considerare included in the plans. Among the innumer- ing those subjects of laws in respect to which able hospitals opened or added to or projected the legislation of the States ought to be uniin various parts of the country may be men- form, and to take the course of making up for tioned: The Mission Hospital at Pensacola, what some people point out as a defect of the Fla.; the Deming (N. M.) Ladies' Hospital; the Federal Constitution, in that it does not give annex to the Phoenixville (Pa.) Hospital, cost- jurisdiction to the Federal government with ing $25,000; the St. Louis Skin and Cancer iespect to certain purposes which can only be Hospital, which is a new four-story modern accomplished by joint action of the States." building; the Burlington (Wash.) Hospital; The opening address was made by Governor the Sacred Heart Hospital at Spokane, Wash.; Hughes of New York. In this he outlined the an annex to St. Vincent's Hospital, Portland, scope of the conferences. This, he said, emOre.; the Public Hospital at San Francisco, braces at least three groups of questions: the with five new buildings costing $220,000; the first relates to uniform laws; the second rePeninsular Hospital at Palo Alto. A new State lates to matters of State comity where, though hospital for the insane at Yorktown, N. Y., was absolute uniformity may not be expected, projected and operations for its development causes of friction may be avoided and the genwere begun. eral welfare may be promoted by accommodating FOREIGN COUNTRIES. In Canada, on account action; and the third relates to matters which, of the rapidly growing population in the though of local concern, can be better treated in Northwest, many new hospitals were rendered the light of the experience of other States. It necessary and activity in building was notable. would be impossible, he said, for governors Hospitals were erected or in process of com- in conference to undertake the consideration of pletion in Westminster, B. C., Regina and uniform laws, but their united consideration of Areola, Sask., and Edmonton, Alberta. The new their importance and of the proposed statutes Lady Grey Hospital at Ottawa was opened on February 11th. Arrangements have been made for the construction of a hospital, to be called Melchor Ocampo, at Vera Cruz, Mexico. The building will cost $100,000 and will replace the old San Sebastian Hospital now fallen to decay. For the purpose of caring for foundlings in Vienna, a large institution-the "Central Kinderheim "-was erected and formally opened by the Emperor of Austria. It consists of a large building capable of housing 410 children, together with 280 mothers and wet-nurses and 54 nurses. The International Hospital was opened in Adana, Turkey, to meet the pressing need following the massacres, which entailed much suffering and sickness. This is the only hospital in a district containing 70,000 people, except one for Turkish soldiers. There will always be accommodation for Americans and other foreigners; tourists and foreign workmen will be benefited especially. The new Philippine General Hospital at Manila was opened in September to government employes and the public. The building is of reinforced concrete, and when fully equipped promises to be the finest hospital plant in the Orient. HOURS OF LABOR. See LABOR LEGISLA TION. HOUSE FLY. See ENTOMOLOGY. HOUSE OF GOVERNORS. This title is applied to the conference of State executives, which began with the famous conference called together in May, 1908, by President Roosevelt. (See CONSERVATION.) The conference has no relation to the national government and is designed to deal almost wholly with matters of State legislation. Among the important topics discussed at its meetings have been marriage and divorce, pure food, insurance, extradition, drafted by the commissioners of their appointment, will bring these matters into deserved prominence and bespeak for the progress of uniform legislation a much needed impetus. He suggested among the topics to be considered the conservation of natural resources, financial administration, including taxation and appropriations, the supervision and the regulation of banks, insurance companies and public service corporations. He also suggested organization by which committees should be able in the intervals of the conferences to draw up a programme and present topics somewhat developed by correspondence. The Honorable Seth Low, as a representative of the Civic Federation, suggested that the conference consider uniform laws on divorce, negotiable instruments, warehouse receipts, bills of lading, pure food, the white slave traffic, and other subjects. On the second day of the conference the various governors made addresses. Resolutions were presented by Governor Eberhart of Minnecota, defining the jurisdiction of Federal and State courts in matters involving interstate commerce. These were referred to a committee, which, however, took no action. Governor Willson of Kentucky asserted the right of the State of control over water power as against Federal control, and in this he was supported by Governor Fort of New Jersey. Governor Quinby of New Hampshire and Governor Hughes of New York called attention to the forests as well as water power, a priceless possession of the States. Governors Brooks of Wyoming and Shafroth of Colorado urged the right of the States to the water power. Governor Hadley of Missouri addressed the conference on railroad rate legislation and declared that rates should be controlled by the government and not |